Jing Zhao1,2, Jin Sun2, Ziyang Xia2, Guanglin He2, Xiaomin Yang2, Jianxin Guo2, Hui-Zhen Cheng2, Yingxiang Li2, Song Lin1, Tie-Lin Yang1, Xi Hu1, Hua Du3, Peng Cheng3, Rong Hu2, Gang Chen4, Haibing Yuan5, Xiu-Fang Zhang6, Lan-Hai Wei2, Hu-Qin Zhang1, Chuan-Chao Wang2. 1. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. 2. Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. 3. Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China. 4. WeGene, Shenzhen, China. 5. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Archaeology Education and Department of Archaeology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. 6. Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mongolian populations are widely distributed geographically, showing abundant ethnic diversity with geographic and tribal differences. AIM: To infer the genetic substructure, admixture and ancient genetic sources of Mongolians together with Kazakhs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We genotyped more than 690,000 genome-wide SNPs from 33 Mongolian and Chinese Kazakh individuals and compared these with both ancient and present-day Eurasian populations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, Refine-IBD, f statistics, qpWave and qpAdm. RESULTS: We found genetic substructures within Mongolians corresponding to Ölöd, Chahar, and Inner Mongolian clusters, which was consistent with tribe classifications. Mongolian and Kazakh groups derived about 6-40% of West Eurasian related ancestry, most likely from Bronze Age Steppe populations. The East Asian related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups was well represented by the Neolithic DevilsCave related nomadic lineage, comprising 42-64% of studied groups. We also detected 10-51% of Han Chinese related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups, especially in Inner Mongolians. The average admixture times for Inner Mongolian, Mongolian_Chahar, Mongolian_Ölöd and Chinese Kazakh were about 1381, 626, 635 and 632 years ago, respectively, with Han and French as the sources. CONCLUSION: The DevilsCave related ancestry was once widespread westwards covering a wide geographical range from Far East Russia to the Mongolia Plateau. The formation of present-day Mongolic and Turkic-speaking populations has also received genetic influence from agricultural expansion.
BACKGROUND: Mongolian populations are widely distributed geographically, showing abundant ethnic diversity with geographic and tribal differences. AIM: To infer the genetic substructure, admixture and ancient genetic sources of Mongolians together with Kazakhs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We genotyped more than 690,000 genome-wide SNPs from 33 Mongolian and Chinese Kazakh individuals and compared these with both ancient and present-day Eurasian populations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, Refine-IBD, f statistics, qpWave and qpAdm. RESULTS: We found genetic substructures within Mongolians corresponding to Ölöd, Chahar, and Inner Mongolian clusters, which was consistent with tribe classifications. Mongolian and Kazakh groups derived about 6-40% of West Eurasian related ancestry, most likely from Bronze Age Steppe populations. The East Asian related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups was well represented by the Neolithic DevilsCave related nomadic lineage, comprising 42-64% of studied groups. We also detected 10-51% of Han Chinese related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups, especially in Inner Mongolians. The average admixture times for Inner Mongolian, Mongolian_Chahar, Mongolian_Ölöd and Chinese Kazakh were about 1381, 626, 635 and 632 years ago, respectively, with Han and French as the sources. CONCLUSION: The DevilsCave related ancestry was once widespread westwards covering a wide geographical range from Far East Russia to the Mongolia Plateau. The formation of present-day Mongolic and Turkic-speaking populations has also received genetic influence from agricultural expansion.
Keywords:
Population genetics; genetic admixture; population structure