Yalda Lucero1, Anne J Lagomarcino2, Mónica Espinoza2, Nanami Kawakami3, Nora Mamani2, Nicole Huerta2, Felipe Del Canto2, Mauricio Farfán4, Yoshihiro Sawaguchi3, Sergio George2, Miguel O'Ryan5. 1. Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatrics, Northern Campus, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura 5951, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile. 2. Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. 3. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Campus, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Antonio Varas 360, Providencia, Santiago, Chile. 5. Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: moryan@med.uchile.cl.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the dynamics of norovirus disease, a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), compared to other relevant etiologies, among families living in a lower middle income area. STUDY DESIGN: Families with three or more members and with one or more healthy children <24 months of age were followed for 1-2 years to detect any AGE. Stool samples were tested for viral and bacterial pathogens and a questionnaire was completed for those with norovirus or rotavirus AGE. RESULTS: Between April and June 2016, 110 families were enrolled, with 103 of them completing ≥12 months of follow-up. A total of 159 family AGE episodes were detected, mostly affecting one individual (92%). At least one pathogen was detected in 56% (94/169) of samples, of which 75/94 (80%) were sole infections. Norovirus was most common (n=26), followed closely by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (n=25), rotavirus (n=24), and astrovirus (n=23). The annual incidence of family AGE was 0.77, and 0.12 for norovirus. Most norovirus AGE occurred in children <4 years old (96%). Only 13/159 (8%) index AGE cases resulted in a secondary case, of which four were associated with norovirus. The majority of norovirus strains were GII (85%), with a mild predominance of GII.4 (9/26; 35%); most norovirus isolates (69%) were recombinants. CONCLUSIONS: The family incidence of AGE in this lower middle income community was nearly one episode per year, mostly caused by viruses, specifically norovirus closely followed by rotavirus and astrovirus. Norovirus infections primarily affected children <4 years old and secondary cases were uncommon.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the dynamics of norovirus disease, a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), compared to other relevant etiologies, among families living in a lower middle income area. STUDY DESIGN: Families with three or more members and with one or more healthy children <24 months of age were followed for 1-2 years to detect any AGE. Stool samples were tested for viral and bacterial pathogens and a questionnaire was completed for those with norovirus or rotavirus AGE. RESULTS: Between April and June 2016, 110 families were enrolled, with 103 of them completing ≥12 months of follow-up. A total of 159 family AGE episodes were detected, mostly affecting one individual (92%). At least one pathogen was detected in 56% (94/169) of samples, of which 75/94 (80%) were sole infections. Norovirus was most common (n=26), followed closely by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (n=25), rotavirus (n=24), and astrovirus (n=23). The annual incidence of family AGE was 0.77, and 0.12 for norovirus. Most norovirusAGE occurred in children <4 years old (96%). Only 13/159 (8%) index AGE cases resulted in a secondary case, of which four were associated with norovirus. The majority of norovirus strains were GII (85%), with a mild predominance of GII.4 (9/26; 35%); most norovirus isolates (69%) were recombinants. CONCLUSIONS: The family incidence of AGE in this lower middle income community was nearly one episode per year, mostly caused by viruses, specifically norovirus closely followed by rotavirus and astrovirus. Norovirus infections primarily affected children <4 years old and secondary cases were uncommon.
Authors: Carlos Flores; Naomi Ariyama; Benjamín Bennett; Juan Mena; Claudio Verdugo; Sunil Mor; Barbara Brito; Galia Ramírez-Toloza; Victor Neira Journal: Front Vet Sci Date: 2021-11-25