Understanding the opposite effects of sex hormones in mediating renal injury.

According to epidemiological studies, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more women than men, but the incidence of end-stage renal disease is higher in men than in women. However, most of these studies have not considered the incidence of CKD in women of reproductive or post-menopausal age, and even fewer with hormone replacement therapy. Some meta-analyses have reported an exacerbated progression of CKD in men compared with women. Consequently, in most of the experimental models of renal injury, men of reproductive age exhibit more abnormalities in renal function and structure that lead to greater progression to CKD than women, which suggests that these differences are mediated by sex hormones rather than by other factors. This review intends to show the mechanisms regulated by oestrogen or testosterone that may explain the different risks and evolution of renal diseases between men and women. Regardless of the initial cause of kidney disease, sex hormones have been implicated in modulating vascular tone, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Finally, our previous study highlights the mechanisms by which the transition from acute kidney injury to CKD does not occur in female rats as commonly as it does in male rats. This review not only identifies sex differences in several kidney diseases but also supports potential therapeutic opportunities to reduce or prevent the progression of CKD and highlights the importance of considering sex differences in the design of any clinical study.