Shinya Yamamoto1, Masamichi Yamamoto1,2,3, Jin Nakamura1, Akiko Mii1, Shigenori Yamamoto1, Masahiro Takahashi1, Keiichi Kaneko1, Eiichiro Uchino1, Yuki Sato1,4, Shingo Fukuma5, Hiromi Imamura6, Michiyuki Matsuda7, Motoko Yanagita8,9. 1. Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 2. Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan. 3. Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. 4. Medical Innovation Center TMK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 5. Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 6. Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 7. Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 8. Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan motoy@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 9. Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Depletion of ATP in renal tubular cells plays the central role in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Nevertheless, inability to visualize spatiotemporal in vivo ATP distribution and dynamics has hindered further analysis. METHODS: A novel mouse line systemically expressing an ATP biosensor (an ATP synthase subunit and two fluorophores) revealed spatiotemporal ATP dynamics at single-cell resolution during warm and cold ischemic reperfusion (IR) with two-photon microscopy. This experimental system enabled quantification of fibrosis 2 weeks after IR and assessment of the relationship between the ATP recovery in acute phase and fibrosis in chronic phase. RESULTS: Upon ischemia induction, the ATP levels of proximal tubule (PT) cells decreased to the nadir within a few minutes, whereas those of distal tubule (DT) cells decreased gradually up to 1 hour. Upon reperfusion, the recovery rate of ATP in PTs was slower with longer ischemia. In stark contrast, ATP in DTs was quickly rebounded irrespective of ischemia duration. Morphologic changes of mitochondria in the acute phase support the observation of different ATP dynamics in the two segments. Furthermore, slow and incomplete ATP recovery of PTs in the acute phase inversely correlated with fibrosis in the chronic phase. Ischemia under conditions of hypothermia resulted in more rapid and complete ATP recovery with less fibrosis, providing a proof of concept for use of hypothermia to protect kidney tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Visualizing spatiotemporal ATP dynamics during IR injury revealed higher sensitivity of PT cells to ischemia compared with DT cells in terms of energy metabolism. The ATP dynamics of PTs in AKI might provide prognostic information.
BACKGROUND: Depletion of ATP in renal tubular cells plays the central role in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Nevertheless, inability to visualize spatiotemporal in vivo ATP distribution and dynamics has hindered further analysis. METHODS: A novel mouse line systemically expressing an ATP biosensor (an ATP synthase subunit and two fluorophores) revealed spatiotemporal ATP dynamics at single-cell resolution during warm and cold ischemic reperfusion (IR) with two-photon microscopy. This experimental system enabled quantification of fibrosis 2 weeks after IR and assessment of the relationship between the ATP recovery in acute phase and fibrosis in chronic phase. RESULTS: Upon ischemia induction, the ATP levels of proximal tubule (PT) cells decreased to the nadir within a few minutes, whereas those of distal tubule (DT) cells decreased gradually up to 1 hour. Upon reperfusion, the recovery rate of ATP in PTs was slower with longer ischemia. In stark contrast, ATP in DTs was quickly rebounded irrespective of ischemia duration. Morphologic changes of mitochondria in the acute phase support the observation of different ATP dynamics in the two segments. Furthermore, slow and incomplete ATP recovery of PTs in the acute phase inversely correlated with fibrosis in the chronic phase. Ischemia under conditions of hypothermia resulted in more rapid and complete ATP recovery with less fibrosis, providing a proof of concept for use of hypothermia to protect kidney tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Visualizing spatiotemporal ATP dynamics during IR injury revealed higher sensitivity of PT cells to ischemia compared with DT cells in terms of energy metabolism. The ATP dynamics of PTs in AKI might provide prognostic information.
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