Role of gut in xenobiotic metabolism.

The gastrointestinal tract forms the first line of defense in the body against the main load of xenobiotics. The gastrointestinal mucosa has several mechanisms through which the xenobiotics are modified. The monooxygenase activities in most species are relatively low in the mucosa as compared to the liver, but conjugation, for example, via glucuronide formation proceeds efficiently. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities can exceed those in the liver. Glutathione S-transferase activity is also high. The biotransformation activities are readily inducible in the mucosa and this is, at least partly, responsible for the oral-aboral gradient seen in enzyme activities. In rainbow trout glutathione S-transferase is, however, significantly higher at the aboral third than in two oral segments, although in rats the intestinal glutathione S-transferase shows a clear oral-aboral gradient. The gradient is independent of the presence of microflora at least in the case of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase. A similar gradient can also be found from the gut lumen, in both germ-free and specific pathogen-free rats. The cells in the middle of the villi appear to be most responsive under the influence of inducers. The readily occurring induction in the mucosa provides a suitable model for studies on biological effects to defined compounds and mixtures.