Application of different foliar iron fertilizers for enhancing the growth and antioxidant capacity of rice and minimizing cadmium accumulation.

Iron (Fe) fertilizer can reduce cadmium (Cd) uptake and toxicity in rice, but the underlying mechanisms of Cd mitigation by different fertilizers are poorly understood. Here, pot experiments in rice were conducted to characterize the effects of four types of foliar-applied Fe fertilizer (chelated ferrous Fe, ferric Fe, ionic ferrous Fe, and ferric Fe) at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg L-1) on photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant ability, yield, and Cd accumulation in Cd-contaminated soil. The results showed that foliar Fe application increased the net photosynthesis rate by 19.3%, peroxidase (POD) by 18.2%, superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 26.9%, and catalase (CAT) by 19.6%, and led to a 7.2% increase in grain yield compared with the control. Moreover, foliar Fe application significantly reduced Cd accumulation by 15.9% in brown rice and decreased the translocation of Cd from roots to other plant tissues. Overall, application of moderate doses (50 mg L-1) of chelated ferrous Fe was the most effective method for reducing Cd uptake (decreasing the Cd concentration in brown rice by 29.0%) and toxicity in rice (decreasing malondialdehyde by 23.2% and increasing POD, SOD, and CAT by 54.4%, 51.6%, and 45.7%, respectively), which may stem from the fact that chelated ferrous Fe was a more stable and bioavailable source of Fe for rice. The Cd concentration in rice had negative relationship with Fe concentration, and the translocation of Cd from root to the other tissues was reduced by the higher Fe nutrition status in leaf, suggesting that a high Fe supply may decrease Cd content by inhibiting the expression of the Fe transport system. These results indicate that foliar application of chelated ferrous Fe provides a promising alternative approach for enhancing growth and controlling Cd accumulation in rice plants. Furthermore, these results advance our understanding of the associations between plant Fe nutrition status and Cd accumulation.