Renal protection with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

There is an unmet need for renoprotective drugs for more pronounced reduction of albuminuria beyond that provided by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and for effective slowdown of eGFR decline independent of albuminuria. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have proven effective in reducing prespecified secondary composite kidney outcomes in cardiovascular outcome trials. However, GLP-1 RAs showed a prevailing anti-albuminuric effect, additional to that of RAS blockers, and a non-significant risk reduction in worsening of kidney function, at variance with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Mechanisms underlying renal protection with GLP-1 RAs are porly understood. Though treatment with GLP-1 RAs resulted in better glycaemic, blood pressure and body weight control versus placebo, correction for on-trial changes in these parameters did not significantly affect results. Anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects via intracellular signalling through protein kinase A, natriuretic effect via inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 and reduction of hyperfiltration have been proposed as direct renoprotective effects.