Biological properties of copper-doped biomaterials for orthopedic applications: A review of antibacterial, angiogenic and osteogenic aspects.

Copper is an essential trace element required for human life, and is involved in several physiological mechanisms. Today researchers have found and confirmed that Cu has biological properties which are particularly useful for orthopedic biomaterials applications such as implant coatings or biodegradable filler bone substitutes. Indeed, Cu exhibits antibacterial functions, provides angiogenic ability and favors osteogenesis; these represent major key points for ideal biomaterial integration and the healing process that follows. The antibacterial performances of copper-doped biomaterials present an interesting alternative to the massive use of prophylactic antibiotics and help to limit the development of antibiotic resistance. By stimulating blood vessel growth and new bone formation, copper contributes to the improved bio-integration of biomaterials. This review describes the bio-functional advantages offered by Cu and focuses on the antibacterial, angiogenic and osteogenic properties of Cu-doped biomaterials with potential for orthopedic applications.