Do renewable energy and globalization enhance ecological footprint: an analysis of top renewable energy countries?

This paper aims at estimating the dynamic impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, globalization, urbanization, and economic growth on the environmental quality. Unlike previous study, this study used multi-dimensional indicator of environmental quality that is ecological footprint. Given the importance of renewable energy, a sample of top renewable energy consuming countries has been selected for analysis spanning the period 1991-2016. The analysis is carried out in panel data framework that considers the issues of cross sectional dependence and heterogeneity. The results of cointegration test show the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The long-run elasticity of pooled mean group shows positive impact of economic growth and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint while negative impact is observed in case of renewable energy consumption, globalization and urbanization. The sensitivity of long-run elasticity has been checked with the help of fully modified ordinary least square and dynamic ordinary least square. Based on empirical findings, some policy implication has also been provided.