circRNA RNF111 regulates the growth, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by binding to miR‑27b‑3p.

hsa_circ_0001982 [circRNA ring finger protein 111 (RNF111)] has been found to promote cancer growth; however, its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The present study examined the effects of circR‑RNF111 on the growth, migration and invasion of GC cells and aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The expression levels of circR‑RNF111 and miR‑27b‑3p in GC tissues and GC cell lines were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR). StarBase v2.0 and dual‑luciferase assay were used to predict and analyze the association between circR‑RNF111 and miR‑27b‑3p. The effects of circR‑RNF111 and miR‑27b‑3p on cell growth, apoptosis, migration and invasion were detected by cell counting kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, wound‑healing assay and Transwell assay, respectively. In addition, western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of genes related to cell apoptosis and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). The results revealed that circR‑RNF111 and miR‑27b‑3p were closely related to the clinicopathological characteristics of GC, and that circR‑RNF111 and miR‑27b‑3p negatively correlated and were abnormally expressed in GC. circR‑RNF111 acted as a sponge of miR‑27b‑3p. The silencing of circR‑RNF111 significantly inhibited GC cell viability, colony formation, migration and invasion, and exerted a pro‑apoptotic effect. miR‑27b‑3p inhibitor promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells, and inhibited cell apoptosis. In addition, circR‑RNF111 silencing significantly decreased the expression levels of Bcl2, Vimentin and N‑cadherin, and increased those of cleaved caspase‑3 and E‑cadherin. Furthermore, miR‑27b‑3p inhibition reversed the regulatory effects of circR‑RNF111 silencing on the GC cells. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that circR‑RNF111 is involved in the regulation of growth, migration and invasion of GC cells by binding to miR‑27b‑3p.

Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) results in a high mortality rate in China (1). At present, the diagnosis of GC is largely based on clinical symptoms in combination with physical signs and endoscopy, B-mode ultrasound, CT examination and exfoliative cytology (2), which, however, all have certain defects. In addition, symptoms are not always obvious at the early stages of GC (3). Numerous GC patients are already in the advanced stages of the disease by the time of diagnosis, and thus face a greater risk of developing recurrence and metastasis following surgical resection (4). Therefore, improving the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC proliferation and metastasis will facilitate the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of GC.

circRNAs have stable structures and have recently attracted ample research attention (5). Compared with linear RNAs, circRNAs are not easily degraded by exonucleases, they are highly conserved and remain stable in vivo, which suggests that circRNAs have the potential to function as diagnostic markers (6). circRNAs primarily function as miRNA 'sponges', containing numbers and types of miRNA response elements at varying degrees (5,7). circRNAs can bind to specific miRNAs and competitively inhibit the binding of the miRNA to the corresponding site, and subsequently regulate the expression of downstream target genes (7). Zhong et al demonstrated that circRNA MYLK functions a competitive endogenous RNA in bladder cancer (8). The overexpression of circRNA MYLK in bladder cancer cell lines can significantly reduce the expression of miR-29a (8).

circRNAs play crucial roles in a variety of cancers by functioning as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, suggesting their potential to serve as tumor biomarkers (9). Han et alanalyzed the expression profiles of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and found that patients with a low expression of circMTO1 had a shorter survival time, suggesting that it may be a tumor suppressor (10). Furthermore, miR-9, which is a circMTO1-related miRNA, was found to downregulate p21 expression, and promote the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells (10). A previous study found that miRNAs can regulate the expression of almost 2/3 of human proteins, and >50% of miRNAs are located in tumor-associated genomic regions (11). Chromosomal abnormalities directly lead to alterations in gene copy numbers, resulting in an abnormal expression in various tumors. The indispensable roles of miRNAs and circRNAs in the development of GC have been previously observed (6,12).

The high expression of hsa_circ_0001982 (circRNA RNF111) has been shown to promote the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells (13). In addition, lncRNA UCA1 can enhance the multidrug resistance of GC by downregulating miR-27b expression (14). However, whether circRNA RNF111 is also regulated by miR-27b expression and whether it is involved in GC remains to be determined. Therefore, the present study examined the association between circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b by investigating their potential molecular mechanisms and their biological effects on GC.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

The GC tissues were obtained from 48 patients who were diagnosed with GC at the Nanjing First Hospital from November, 2018 to November, 2019. All the patients signed informed consent forms, and agreed that their tissues would be used for clinical research. The clinical trial program had been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing First Hospital (W201810013).

Tissues, cell lines and culture

The GC tissues and their corresponding normal adjacent tissues (at least 5 cm away from the tumor) were collected from 48 patients with GC. Human normal gastric mucosa cells (GES-1, CS0097, Beijing Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and GC cell lines [AGS (CRL-1739, ATCC), SNU-16 (CRL-5974, ATCC), MNK-45 (CS0096, Beijing Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and HGC27 (94042256, Sigma; Merck KGaA)] were used in the present study.

The cells were cultured in DMEM (12491015, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, 30067334), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (15140163) at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 1 day. Following culture, the primary medium was discarded, and the cells were washed with PBS 1-2 times; fresh DMEM medium (5 ml) was then added and the cells were returned to the CO2 incubator. The cells were sub-cultured after 80 to 90% of them had adhered to the wall.

Cell transfection

After 12 to 16 h, the cells reached 60 to 70% confluency and were transfected with lipo-some. circRNA siRNF111 (5′-UAA GGA AAG CCU GAG GGA AC-3′), siNC (siN0000001-1-5) and miR-27b-3p inhibitor (miR20000419-1-5), inhibitor negative control (miR2N0000001-1-5) were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. Cell transfection was performed according to the protocol of the manufacturer of Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). In brief, after the seeded cells reached 70-90% fusion and were ready for transfection, Lipofectamine 3000 reagent and RNA (100 ng/well) were diluted in Opti-MEM medium, respectively. The diluted Lipofectamine 3000 reagent was added with the diluted RNA was added at 1:1. Following incubation of the mixture for 10 min at room temperature, the RNA-lipid complex was added to the cells and incubated for 2 days at 37°C. Finally, the transfected cells were further analyzed.

Bioinformatics assay

The latent binding sites between circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p were predicted using Starbase v2.0 (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/).

Dual-luciferase activity assay

WT-RNF111 and MUT-RNF111 DNA were cloned into pmirGLO luciferase Vectors (E1330; Promega Corporation). To analyze the latent binding sites between circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p, 293T cells (CRL-11268, ATCC) were transfected with miR-27b-3p mimic or inhibitor. The luciferase activity was determined using a Double-Luciferase Reporter Assay kit (FR201-01, Beijing Transgen Biotech Co., Ltd.). Briefly, the cell culture medium was removed, and the cells were cautiously rinsed twice in PBS and then fully lysed by 100 µl Cell Lysis Buffer for 10 min at room temperature. The supernatant was obtained by centrifuging the cells at 12,000 × g at 4°C for 10 min. Luciferase Reaction Reagent (100 µl) was added to the centrifugal tube at room temperature, cell lysates (20 µl) were cautiously pipetted into the tube, and the two were then gently mixed. The Firefly luciferase reporter gene activity was measured using a luminescence meter (SpectraMaxL, Molecular Devices, LLC). Finally, Luciferase Reaction Reagent II (100 µl) was added to the above-mentioned reaction tube at room temperature, vortexed, and the activity of the Renilla luciferase reporter gene was determined using a luminescence meter.

Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

Total RNA was extracted from the GC tissues and cells using the TRIzol method at 4°C. The reverse transcription of the RNA was performed using the MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit (4366597, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturers' protocol. For regent preparation, briefly, 1.5 µl total RNA (10-200 ng), 2.0 µl One-Color Spike Mix for Cyanine 3-labeling, 0.8 µl T7 Promoter Primer and 1.0 µl RNase free water were thoroughly mixed at 65°C for 10 min and then reacted in ice bath for 5 min to form the Reaction 1. The Reaction 2 was composed of 2.0 µl 5X First Strand Buffer, 1.0 µl 0.1 M DTT, 0.5 µl 10 m M d NTP mix, and 1.2 µl Affinity Script RNase Block Mix. The Reaction 1 was then mixed with the Reaction 2 at 40°C for 120 min, at 70°C for 5 min, and at 4°C for 5 min. qPCR was performed according to the instructions of the detection system (ABI 7500, Life Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The relative expression levels were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCq method (15). GAPDH was used as a housekeeping gene for mRNA, and U6 as an internal control for miRNA. The primer sequences were as follows: miR-27b-3p forward, 5′-AGT GGC TAA GTT CTG CGT CG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTA TCC AGT GCG TGT CGT GG-3′; RNF111 forward, 5′-TAG CAG TTC CCCAAT CCT TG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CAC AAA TTC CCA TCA TTC CC-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-TGT GGG CAT CAA TGG ATT TGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-ACA CCA TGT ATT CCG GGT CAA T-3′; and U6 forward, 5′-AAA GCA AAT CAT CGG ACG ACC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTA CAA CAC ATT GTT TCC TCG GA-3′.

CCK-8 assay

The GC cells (1×104/well) were added to a 96-well plate and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Following transfection for 12, 24 and 48 h, 10 µl CCK-8 solution (HY-K0301, MedChemExpress) was cultured with the cells for 2-4 h at 37°C. The absorbance (at 450 nm) was detected using a microplate reader (24072800, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Colony formation assay

The monolayer cultured cells (250/ml) at logarithmic growth phase were collected, digested with 0.25% trypsin at room temperature for 3-4 min and pipetted into individual cells. The cells were suspended in a culture solution containing 10% FBS, and the cell suspension was diluted and then inoculated in DMEM. The culture was terminated when macroscopic clones appeared in the dish. The supernatant was discarded and the cells were carefully rinsed twice with PBS. At room temperature, acetic acid/methanol at 1:3 was used to fix the cells for 15 min. After removing the fixation solution, the cells were properly stained with Giemsa (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Inc.) at room temperature for 25 min. The cell clones were counted with the naked eye and the colony formation rate was calculated as follows: Clonal formation rate = (number of clone formation/number of cells inoculated) ×100%.

Flow cytometry

The AGS and SNU-16 cells (1×106) were prepared as a single dispersed cell suspension. Before testing the machine, 5 µl Annexin V-FITC and 5 µl PI staining solution were added to the suspension for 15 min in the dark at room temperature using the test kit (MA0220, Melone Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.). Cell apoptosis was determined using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (FACSCalibur, BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (version 10.0; FlowJo). The lower left quadrant (AnnexinV−, PI−) represented healthy living cells; the upper left quadrant (AnnexinV−, PI+) represented dead cells; the lower right quadrant (AnnexinV+, PI−) represented early apoptotic cells; and the upper right quadrant (AnnexinV+, PI+) represented late apoptotic cells.

Wound healing assay

The AGS and SNU-16 cells were seeded at a density of 1×104into a 96-well plate for 24 h at 37°C. The cell culture layer was scratched using a sterile sampler tip, the floating cells were washed away with PBS, and the cells were cultured in serum-free DMEM medium for 24 h at 37°C. Cell migration images were observed under a microscope (BZ-8100, Keyence) and the migration distance was observed using Image-pro Plus 4.1 analysis software (Media Cybernetics, Inc.).

Transwell assay

The invasive ability of the AGS and SNU-16 cells was detected by 24-well Transwell plates (CLS3398, Sigma; Merck KGaA). The cells (5×104 cells/well) were seeded into the upper chamber pre-coated with 200 mg/ml Matrigel (354230, BD Biosciences), and the upper chamber was supplemented with serum-free medium. The lower chamber was supplemented with 10% serum medium to form a nutrient concentration gradient, which promoted the cell invasion into the lower chamber. Following incubation for 24 h at 37°C, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Inc.) for 20 min at room temperature. Cell numbers in each group were counted from 4 fields of view under an inverted microscope (CKX41, Olympus Corporation).

Western blot analysis

The GC cells was separated using RIPA lysate (89901, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and the protein concentration was determined using a Protein Assay kit (A53227, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). A volume of 30 µg proteins of each tissue was separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to a PVDF membrane (HVLP04700, EMD Millipore), which the membrane was then washed with TBS and blocked with 5% non-fat milk at 37°C for 1 h and shaken for 2 h at room temperature. The membrane was then incubated with the following primary antibodies: Anti-Bcl2 (1:1,000; 26 kDa; rabbit; ab32124), anti-procaspase-3 (1:10,000; 35 kDa; rabbit; ab32499), anti-cleaved caspase-3 (1:500; 17 kDa; rabbit; ab32042), Vimentin (1:1,000; 54 kDa; rabbit; ab92547), N-cadherin (1 µg/ml; 130 kDa; rabbit; ab18203), E-cadherin (1:10,000; 97 kDa; rabbit; ab40772) or GAPDH (1:10,000; 36 kDa; rabbit; ab181602) (all from Abcam) overnight at 4°C. The target band was incubated with a goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (1:5,000; ab205718; Abcam) for 2 h at room temperature. Finally, the signals were measured by ECL reagent (6883, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), and the gray values of the bands were analyzed and counted using ImageJ software (version 5.0, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) (16).

Statistical analysis

The data are presented as the means ± SD. Comparisons between groups were conducted using a paired Student's t test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett's test or Tukey's test. The Chi-square test or rank sum test were used to analyze the data presented in Table I. All the data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7.0 software. The correlation between circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in GC was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. A P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Table I

Association between circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gastric cancer.

Characteristic	Total	circRNA RNF111 expression		P-value	miR-27b-3p expression		P-value
		Low n=24	High n=24		Low n=24	High n=24
Sex				0.763			0.365
Male	31	15	16		17	14
Female	17	9	8		7	10
Age (years)				0.551			0.233
≤60	18	8	10		7	11
>60	30	16	14		17	13
Location				0.772			0.487
Cardia	9	4	5		6	3
Body	5	3	2		2	3
Curvature	6	2	4		4	2
Antrum	28	15	13		12	16
Tumor size (cm)				0.001			<0.001
≥5 cm	14	2	12		13	1
<5 cm	34	22	12		11	23
Histological differentiation				0.490			0.300
Well	5	3	2		1	4
Moderate	13	8	5		6	7
Poor	30	13	17		17	13
TNM stage				0.002			0.014
I	11	9	2		3	8
II	10	8	2		2	8
III	22	5	17		16	6
IV	5	2	3		3	2
Lymph node metastasis				0.001			0.008
Yes	36	13	23		22	14
No	12	11	1		2	10
Distant metastasis				0.004			0.033
Yes	10	1	9		8	2
No	38	23	15		16	22
Depth of invasion				<0.001			0.007
m	9	8	1		2	7
sm	10	9	1		3	7
mp	7	3	4		2	5
se, sei	22	4	18		17	5

m, carcinomas were confined to the mucosa and did not invade the submucosa; sm, carcinomas were confined to the submucosa and did not invade the muscularis propria; mp, carcinomas is confined to the lamina propria and does not cross the muscularis propria; se, carcinomas penetrates the serosal surface; sei, carcinomas attacks other organs directly.

Results

CircR-RNF111 and miR-27b were negatively correlated and were abnormally expressed in GC

The associations between circRNA RNF111, miR-27b-3p and the pathological characteristics of the clinical samples obtained from the patients with GC were analyzed. The results revealed that the high expression of circR-RNF111 and the low expression of miR-27b-3p were significantly and positively associated with tumor size, stage, lymphatic metastasis, distant metastasis and invasion (Table I). The expression levels of the 2 genes in GC and normal samples were then compared, and it was found that the expression of circRNA RNF111 in the GC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 1A), whereas the expression level of miR-27b-3p was markedly lower in GC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 1B). Pearson's correlation curve analysis demonstrated that circRNA RNF111 expression negatively correlated with miR-27b expression in GC tissues (r=-0.352, P=0.014; Fig. 1C) and adjacent normal tissues (r=-0.379, P=0.008; Fig. 1D).

Figure 1

Expression and correlation analysis of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in clinical GC tissues. (A and B) RT-qPCR was used to detect the expres-sion levels of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in 48 pairs of clinical gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. (C and D) Pearson's correlation curve analysis of the correlation between circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in different tissues (n=48). ***P<0.001 vs. tumor tissue. GC, gastric cancer; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

miR-27b-3p is targeted to bind to circRNA RNF111

To explore the regulatory mechanisms of circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in GC, starBase v2.0 was used to predict the potential binding site between circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p. The results revealed that circRNA RNF111 has a binding site specific for miR-27b-3p (Fig. 2A). The binding site between these 2 factors 293T cells was verified by dual luciferase assay, and the data indicated that miR-27b-3p effectively reduced the fluorescence activity of wild-type RNF111, whereas it did not affect that of the mutant RNF111 fluorescent plasmid (P<0.01; Fig. 2B); miR-27b-3p inhibitor increased the fluorescence activity of wild-type RNF111, whereas it did not affect that of the mutant RNF111 fluorescent plasmid (P<0.01; Fig. 2C). Furthermore, the roles of RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in GC were further examined by detecting the expression levels of circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in normal gastric mucosal cells (GES-1) and GC cell lines (AGS, SNU-16, MNK-45 and HGC27). It was also found that overall, circRNA RNF111 expression was high-expressed in the GC cell lines (P<0.01; Fig. 2D), while miR-27b-3p expression was low in GC cells (P<0.01; Fig. 2E). In addition, circRNA RNF111 expression was higher in the AGS and SNU-16 cells and miR-27b-3p expression was lower in the AGS and SNU-16 cells compared with the other GC cells; thus, these 2 cell lines were selected for use in subsequent experiments.

Figure 2

miR-27b-3p is targeted to bind to circRNA RNF111 and the 2 factors were abnormally expressed in GC cell lines. (A) StarBase v2.0, and (B and C) dual luciferase activity were used to identify the miR-27b-3p binding sites in circRNA RNF111 (**P<0.01 vs. miR-NC + WT-RNF111; ##P<0.01 vs. miR-27b-3p + MUT-RNF111; ^^P<0.01 vs. IC + WT-RNF111; §§P<0.01 vs. I + MUT-RNF111). (D and E) RT-qPCR detection of circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p normal gastric mucosal cells (GES-1) and gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, SNU-16, MNK-45 and HGC27). ΔΔP<0.01, ΔΔΔP<0.001 vs. GES-1 cells. GC, gastric cancer; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

circRNA RNF111 binding to miR-27b-3p regulates the growth and apoptosis of GC cells

To examine the effects of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on the biological functions of GC cells, circRNA siRNF111 and miR-27b-3p inhibitor were successfully transfected into the AGS cells and SNU-16 cells. As shown in Fig. 3A-D, in the AGS and SNU-16 cells, the results revealed that the expression of circRNA RNF111 was significantly lower in the siRNF111 group than in the siNC group (P<0.001), and miR-27b-3p expression was decreased in the inhibitor group (P<0.01). siRNA transfection significantly inhibited circRNA RNF111 expression and increased that of miR-27b-3p, while transfection with miR-27b-3p inhibitor partially reversed the siRNA regulatory effects on circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p expression (P<0.01; Fig. 3E-H). The results of CCK-8 assay revealed that circRNA RNF111 silencing markedly inhibited the viability of the GC cells, and transfection with miR-27b-3p inhibitor significantly increased the viability of the cells (P<0.01; Fig. 3I and J). Colony formation assay demonstrated that the silencing of circR-RNF111 significantly inhibited the colony formation of the cancer cells, and miR-27b-3p inhibitor noticeably reversed the inhibitory effects of circRNA RNF111 silencing on cell proliferation (P<0.001; Fig. 4). Flow cytometry was then performed to measure the apoptosis of each group of cells; it was found that circRNA RNF111 silencing markedly promoted apoptosis, which was markedly reversed by miR-27b-3p inhibitor (P<0.05; Fig. 5).

Figure 3

Effect of circRNA RNF111 silencing and miR-27b-3p inhibitor on the proliferation of GC cells. (A-D) RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p after AGS or SNU-16 cells were transfected with Control, siNC, siRNF111, inhibitor control, or inhibitor. (E-H) RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p after the AGS or SNU-16 cells were transfected with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (I and J) CCK-8 assay was used to examine the cell viability of each group. §§§P<0.001 vs. siNC, ΔΔP<0.01 vs. IC, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC + IC, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 vs. siRNF111 + IC, ^^P<0.01 vs. siNC + I. GC, gastric cancer; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

Figure 4

Effects of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on the growth of GC cells. (A) The numbers of colony formation in AGS cells transfected with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor were determined by colony formation assay. (B) The numbers of colony formation in SNU-16 cells transfected with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor were determined by colony formation assay. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC + IC, ###P<0.001 vs. siRNF111 + IC, ^^P<0.01 vs. siNC + I. GC, gastric cancer; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

Figure 5

Effects of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on the apoptosis of GC cells. (A) Flow cytometry was performed to detect the apoptosis of AGS cells transfected with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (B) Flow cytometry was performed to detect the apoptosis of SNU-16 cells transfected with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC + IC, ###P<0.001 vs. siRNF111 + IC, ^^P<0.01 vs. siNC + I. GC, gastric cancer; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

circR-RNF111 binding to miR-27b-3p regulates the metastasis of GC cells

To further examine the effects of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on GC, a wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay were performed. As shown in Fig. 6, circRNA RNF111 silencing significantly inhibited the migration of the GC cells, while miR-27b-3p inhibition promoted cell migration and effectively reversed the inhibitory effects induced by circRNA RNF111 silencing (P<0.05). In addition, circR-RNF111 silencing markedly decreased cell invasion, whereas miR-27b-3p inhibition promoted cell invasion and effectively reversed the inhibitory effects of circRNA RNF111 silencing (P<0.01; Fig. 7).

Figure 6

Effects of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on GC cell migration. (A) Migratory ability of AGS cells following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor was determined by wound healing assay. (B) Migratory ability of SNU-16 cells following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor was determined by wound healing assay. Scale bars, 50 µm. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC + IC, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs. siRNF111 + IC, ^^P<0.01, ^^^P<0.001 vs. siNC + I. GC, gastric cancer; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

Figure 7

Effects of circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on GC cell invasion. (A) Detection of the invasive ability of AGS cells by Transwell assay following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (B) Detection of the invasion of SNU-16 cells by Transwell assay following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. Scale bars, 50 µm. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC + IC, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 vs. siRNF111 + IC, ^^P<0.01 vs. siNC + I. GC, gastric cancer; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

To further explore the molecular mechanisms of circR-RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in GC metastasis, the expression levels of apoptosis-related and EMT-related proteins were detected by western blot analysis. The results revealed that circRNA RNF111 silencing significantly decreased the expression levels of Bcl2, Vimentin and N-cadherin, and increased and E-cadherin expression; however, miR-27b-3p inhibition significantly reversed the regulatory effects of circRNA RNF111 silencing (P<0.05; Fig. 8A and D). In addition, circRNA RNF111 silencing significantly increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, whereas miR-27b-3p inhibition significantly decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression and reversed the regulatory effects of circRNA RNF111 silencing (P<0.05; Fig. 8B, C, E and F). However, no significant differences were observed in the expression of procaspase 3 in each group.

Figure 8

Effects of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p on the expression of apoptosis, EMT-related proteins in GC cells. (A) Western blot analysis was used to detect the expressions of Bcl2, Vimentin, N-cadherin and E-cadherin in AGS cells following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (B) Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 in AGS cells following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (C) Ratio of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3. (D) Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of Bcl2, Vimentin, N-cadherin and E-cadherin in SNU-16 cells following transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (E) Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression level of procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 in SNU-16 cells after the transfection with Control, siNC + inhibitor control, siRNF111 + inhibitor control, siNC + inhibitor, siRNF111 + inhibitor. (F) Ratio of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC + IC, #P<0.05, ###P<0.001 vs. siRNF111 + IC, ^P<0.05, ^^^P<0.001 vs. siNC + I. GC, gastric cancer; IC, inhibitor control; I, inhibitor.

Discussion

GC is a malignant tumor with the fourth highest incidence and the third highest mortality rate worldwide (1). The mechanisms of GC occurrence and progression are highly complex, implicating several aspects of cell biology and molecular biology, such as alterations in the adhesion of tumor cells, detachment from primary tumors, and the degradation of the extracellular matrix, local or vascular infiltration (17). With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis, circRNAs have gradually become a main focus of tumor studies (18).

The association between circRNAs and the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of GC cells has been investigated (19-21). In the present study, circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p were found closely related to tumor size, stage, lymphatic metastasis, distant metastasis and invasion. Li et al reported that in GC tissues, the expression of circRNA002059 was significantly decreased compared to adjacent normal tissues, and an association between the low expression of circRNA and distant metastasis was observed (22). Chen et al detected the expression of circPVT1 in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues by RT-qPCR (23), and found that the expression of circPVT1 in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (23). The expression levels of different circRNAs in GC are not necessarily the same (24). In the present, it was found that circRNA RNF111 was significantly highly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines compared with normal tissues and cells. According to a previous study, circRNAs can exert perform their biological functions by interacting with miRNAs (24). For example, Zheng et al found that circHIPK3 derived from HIPK3 gene Exon2 bound to 9 miRNAs with 18 potential binding sites; moreover, it was found to specifically bind to miR-124 to inhibit its activity, and promote tumor cell proliferation (25). Differentially expressed genes, such as CD44, CXXC5, MYH9 and MALAT1 can promote the occurrence of GC through various mechanisms, such as the interactions between circRNAs and miRNAs, and between miRNAs and mRNAs (26). Some scholars have found that miR-27b-3p is involved in the development of GC, and that it is also involved in other types of cancer, such as lung cancer (27,28). miR-27b-3p is abnormally expressed at low levels in GC tissues and negatively correlates with circRNA RNF111. circRNAs function as a competitive endogenous RNAs of miRNAs (6,7). The molecular mechanism underlying the biological role of circRNA RNF111 in GC were further detected in the present study. StarBase predicted that circRNA RNF111 contained a miR-27b-3p specific binding site, which was confirmed by dual luciferase assay. The data indicated that circRNA RNF111 bound to miR-27b-3p to reduce the activity of miR-27b-3p and was involved in the development of GC.

Tumor cells can secrete specific receptors and chemokines to create a cell microenvironment facilitating their own proliferation, invasion into surrounding normal cells and distant metastasis (4,17). The role of RNF111 in lung cancer has been investigated by scholars, and it has been found that RNF111 promotes cancer growth and plays a key role in early cancer cell metastasis (29); however, its functions vary in different types of cancer (30). For example, RNF111 has been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on colon cancer metastasis (31). circR-RNF111 is generated from the RNF111 gene region. In 2013, some scholars identified a large number of circular RNAs, including circRNA RNF111 (32,33), and circRNA RNF111 was then found to be involved in physiological and pathological processes (34,35). Tang et al found that circRNA RNF111 was closely related to the occurrence of breast cancer (13). However, to date, circRNA RNF111 has rarely been reported in GC, at least to the bests of our knowledge. According to previous studies, it was hypothesized that circRNA RNF111 may indirectly increase the expression levels of miR-27b-3p-related target genes by binding to miR-27b-3p, and is involved in the regulation of GC. Unexpectedly, the silencing circRNA RNF111 significantly inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells and exerted a pro-apoptotic effect. miR-27b-3p inhibition significantly promoted the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells, and inhibited apoptosis, indicating the biological functions of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p in GC. As an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl protein family, Bcl-2 plays a role in maintaining the apoptotic-anti-apoptotic balance (36). The cascade reaction produced by the caspase family is the central link of apoptosis. Activated caspase-3 hydrolyzes the target substance in cells, thereby degrading the intracellular protein and finally causing apoptosis (36). E-cadherin and N-cadherin are two proteins indicative of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (37,38). Tumor epithelial cells transform to interstitial cells, resulting in an invasive phenotype and easy distant metastasis (39). The present study further examined the functions of circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p at the molecular level, and detected the expression levels of Bcl2, cleaved caspase-3, Vimentin, N-cadherin and E-cadherin in GC cells, and the findings revealed that circRNA RNF111 may be involved in GC apoptosis and metastasis by targeting miR-27b-3p to regulate apoptosis and EMT-related pathways.

It should be noted that the present study has some limitations. The effects of circRNA RNF111/miR-27b-3p on the cell cycle of GC remain to be analyzed. In addition, the effects of silencing circRNA RNF111 on inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells should be confirmed by in vivo experiments.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that circRNA RNF111 was highly expressed in GC cells and tissues. circRNA RNF111 was found to regulate GC cell growth and metastasis possibly by targeting miR-27b-3p, suggesting that circRNA RNF111 and miR-27b-3p are potential targets for the treatment of GC.