Joni S Williams1,2, Kaiwei Lu2, Olaitan Akinboboye3, Oluwatoyin Olukotun2, Zhipeng Zhou4, Sneha Nagavally2, Leonard E Egede1,2. 1. Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. 2. Center for Advancing Population Science (CAPS), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. 3. Institute of Health and Equity, Department of Public and Community Health, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. 4. Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY.
Abstract
Objectives: Diabetes results in $327 billion in medical expenditures annually, while obesity, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, leads to more than $147 billion in expenditure annually. The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate racial/ethnic trends in obesity and medical expenditures; and 2) to assess incremental medical expenditures among a nationally representative sample of women with diabetes. Methods: Nine years of data (2008-2016) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Full Year Consolidated File (unweighted = 11,755; weighted = 10,685,090) were used. The outcome variable was medical expenditure. The primary independent variable was race/ethnicity defined as non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Hispanic, or non-Hispanic White (NHW). Covariates included age, education, marital status, income, insurance, employment, region, comorbidity, and year. Cochran-Armitage tests determined statistical significance of trends in obesity and mean expenditure. Two-part modeling using Probit and gamma distribution was used to assess incremental medical expenditure. Data were clustered to 2008-2010, 2011-2013, 2014-2016. Results: Trends in medical expenditures differed significantly between NHB and NHW women between 2008-2016 (P<.001). Hispanic women paid $1,291 less compared with NHW women, after adjusting for relevant covariates. There were no significant differences in obesity trends from 2008-2016 between NHB (P=.989) or Hispanic women with diabetes (P=.938) compared with NHW women with diabetes. Conclusions: These findings suggest the need to further understand the factors associated with differences in trends for medical expenditures between NHB and NHW women with diabetes and incremental medical expenditures in Hispanic women with diabetes compared with NHW women with diabetes.
Objectives:Diabetes results in $327 billion in medical expenditures annually, while obesity, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, leads to more than $147 billion in expenditure annually. The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate racial/ethnic trends in obesity and medical expenditures; and 2) to assess incremental medical expenditures among a nationally representative sample of women with diabetes. Methods: Nine years of data (2008-2016) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Full Year Consolidated File (unweighted = 11,755; weighted = 10,685,090) were used. The outcome variable was medical expenditure. The primary independent variable was race/ethnicity defined as non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Hispanic, or non-Hispanic White (NHW). Covariates included age, education, marital status, income, insurance, employment, region, comorbidity, and year. Cochran-Armitage tests determined statistical significance of trends in obesity and mean expenditure. Two-part modeling using Probit and gamma distribution was used to assess incremental medical expenditure. Data were clustered to 2008-2010, 2011-2013, 2014-2016. Results: Trends in medical expenditures differed significantly between NHB and NHW women between 2008-2016 (P<.001). Hispanic women paid $1,291 less compared with NHW women, after adjusting for relevant covariates. There were no significant differences in obesity trends from 2008-2016 between NHB (P=.989) or Hispanic women with diabetes (P=.938) compared with NHW women with diabetes. Conclusions: These findings suggest the need to further understand the factors associated with differences in trends for medical expenditures between NHB and NHW women with diabetes and incremental medical expenditures in Hispanic women with diabetes compared with NHW women with diabetes.
Authors: Teresa Kulie; Andrew Slattengren; Jackie Redmer; Helen Counts; Anne Eglash; Sarina Schrager Journal: J Am Board Fam Med Date: 2011 Jan-Feb Impact factor: 2.657
Authors: Shannon L Walker; Joni S Williams; Kaiwei Lu; Aprill Z Dawson; Leonard E Egede Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2022-08-02 Impact factor: 4.090