Survival Outcomes for Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization With and Without Sorafenib for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing yttrium-90 glass-microsphere transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with and without concurrent sorafenib.
METHODS: OS and PFS were analyzed in 55 patients with an intrahepatic tumor (IHT) ≤50% without advanced or aggressive disease features (ADFs), which was referred to presence of infiltrative/ill-defined HCC, macrovascular invasion, or extrahepatic disease treated with only TARE (TARE_alone) and in 74 patients with IHT ≤50% with ADFs or IHT >50% treated with TARE and sorafenib (TARE_sorafenib). Prognostic factors for OS and PFS were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses.
RESULTS: Median OS and PFS of TARE_alone patients were 21.6 (95% CI 6.1-37.1) and 9.1(95% CI 5.2-13.0) months, respectively, and for TARE_sorafenib patients 12.4 (95% CI 9.1-15.6) and 5.1 (95% CI 2.6-7.5) months, respectively. Better OS was associated with serum AFP <400 (HR 0.27, p=0.02) in TARE_alone, and IHT ≤50% (HR 0.39, p=0.004) and AFP <400 (HR 0.5, p=0.027) in TARE_sorafenib. Unilobar involvement (HR 0.43, p=0.029) and AFP <400 ng/mL (HR 0.52, p=0.015) correlated with better PFS in TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) were more frequent in TARE_sorafenib than TARE_alone (92.4 vs 80.3%), but only 9.3% were grade 3 or higher AEs.
CONCLUSION: TARE_alone provided the most prominent survival benefit in IHT ≤50%-without ADF patients who had unilobar HCC and serum AFP <400 ng/mL. TARE and sorafenib yielded the best outcomes in patients with IHT ≤50% and serum AFP <400 ng/mL, with some additional grade 1-2 AEs compared to TARE only.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the sixth–most common cancer and fourth–most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, according to World Health Organization data.1 Potentially curative treatments, namely liver transplantation and surgical resection, are amenable in only 30%–40% of patients.2,3 The rest require either locoregional therapies, such as ablation or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), or systemic therapy, such as sorafenib and regorafenib.4,5

Transarterial radioembolization (TARE), or selective internal radiotherapy is a form of local therapy that delivers high dosages of yttrium-90 (90Y)–radiolabeled microspheres to tumors. Many studies regarding the efficacy of 90Y TARE (or TARE henceforth) have been published over the last decade.6–13 The reported overall survival (OS) of unresectable HCC patients undergoing TARE ranges from 7 to 27 months.8–10,12,13 This range are exceptionally wide, likely because unresectable HCC includes disparate disease burdens (DBs), ranging from solitary lesions to multifocal or metastatic disease. The markedly short OS of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B with multiple large tumors and BCLC stage C patients led to the investigation of TARE plus sorafenib. A few studies of this combined treatment have suggested acceptable toxicity, but survival benefits remain questionable.14–16 Their varied outcomes probably contributed to a mix of advanced DBs. As a result, appropriate patient selection might be key to improving outcomes of this combined treatment.

The multidisciplinary team at our institution has three major considerations for HCC-treatment assessment: percentage of intrahepatic tumor burden (IHT), presence of aggressive or advanced disease features (ADFs), and general condition of patients. Patients with ADFs or IHT >50% tend to receive combined treatment, commonly TARE and sorafenib, while those with contraindications to sorafenib or IHT ≤50% without ADFs usually receive TARE only.17 Our institutional treatment schema differs from the conventional BCLC stage–based approaches, and consequently treatment outcomes at our institution need evaluation, as they may differ from previous publications. The objective of this study was to quantitatively establish the practice-based outcomes of our institutional HCC treatment approach: TARE with and without sorafenib. The primary objective was determination of OS, whereas progression-free survival (PFS), identification of prognostic factors for OS and PFS, and treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were the secondary objectives investigated in this study.

Methods

Patient Selection

This retrospective study looked at HCC patients who had undergone TARE with 90Y-glass microspheres (TheraSphere; BTG Biocompatibles, UK) as part of the standard of care under an institutional review board –approved protocol at our institution from November 16, 2010 to October 1, 2018. Inclusion criteria were patients who had radiologically or pathologically confirmed HCC, Child–Pugh class A (score 5–6) or B (score 7), had unresectable disease, as assessed by an institutional multidisciplinary team composed of medical oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and interventional radiologists, and were candidates for TARE with or with sorafenib. The original cohort consisted of 197 TARE candidates, in which 42 were later excluded, due to lack of adequate follow-up (n=13), potentially excessive radiation to normal tissue (lung dose >30 Gy for a single treatment or >50 Gy for multiple treatments [n=10]), uncorrectable extrahepatic flow (n=1), significant intrahepatic shunt (n=1), poor tumor perfusion evident from angiography, cone-beam computerized tomography (CT), CT angiography, or 99mTc macroaggregated albumin (MAA) pretreatment scan (n=7), rapid decline of general condition, or disease progression while waiting for TARE (n=10), yielding 155 eligible patients for the analysis.18

Pretreatment Evaluation

Pretreatment evaluations, including clinical histories and physical examinations from medical records, radiology reports from baseline imaging, and laboratory tests, were reviewed retrospectively for all patients. We determined patients’ BCLC stage and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status.4,19 Laboratory workups consisted of α-fetoprotein (AFP), liver-function tests, biochemistry, and hematology. Hepatic function was evaluated using Child–Pugh class and albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) grade.20 The most recent radiology reports from contrast-enhanced CT or magnetic resonance imaging, preferably obtained within 2 months before TARE, were used to evaluate the number of tumors, lobar involvement, IHT burden, macrovascular invasion (MVI), lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, cirrhosis, and ascites.

Treatment

Three major variables were assessed by a multidisciplinary team: IHT (≤50 vs >50%), absence or presence of ADFs (defined as infiltrative/ill-defined HCC, MVI, and extrahepatic disease [EHD]), and patient condition (ECOG and underlying diseases). Then, one of the treatment strategies of TARE_alone, TARE_sorafenib, and TARE_alternative was chosen according to team consensus (Table 1). All patients underwent a 99mTc MAA pretreatment scan with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging over thoracic and abdominal regions to assess vascular anatomy, simulate 90Y-microsphere distribution. Administered 90Y-activity was based on the device’s package-insert single-compartment medical internal radiation-dose dosimetry. The administered activity was deemed decreased if mean lung-absorbed dose was predicted to be >30 Gy based on each patient’s lung-shunt fraction from 99mTc MAA geometric-mean images. The median (range) of lung-shunt fractions was 6.0% (0.8%–30.4%). Eligible patients subsequently underwent TARE, typically within 1 month. 90Y microspheres were administered following the manufacturer’s guidelines.21 The median (range) of administered activity was 2.6 (0.5–8.1) GBq. The median (range) of mean absorbed dose to treated liver volume was 110 (80–135) Gy. Sorafenib was given concurrently or within a 1-month interval, either before or after TARE. Dosage of sorafenib was adjusted by the medical oncologists from 200 to 800 mg per day on the basis of tolerability, and temporary withdrawal was allowed in cases of severe AEs.22 Patients with contraindications or side-effect intolerance to sorafenib were able to stop sorafenib and switch to other systemic therapy or receive only TARE.

Table 1

Stratification of Patients in Terms of Treatment Strategy

	Patients, n	Characteristics
TARE_alone	55	TARE as single treatment for IHT ≤50% without ADFs
TARE_sorafenib	74	TARE and sorafenib as combined treatment for IHT ≤50% with ADFs or IHT >50%
TARE_alternative	26	TARE as alternative treatment for patients who should have receive TARE_sorafenib, but had unsuitable conditions or contraindications to sorafenib
Total	155

Post-treatment Evaluation

Clinical and biochemical follow-up were scheduled at 1 month and 3 months after TARE and every 2–4 months thereafter, and assessed in a procedure-based fashion according to National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE; version 5.0).23 AEs were defined as any event that occurred after TARE until the patient’s death, last follow-up, or change of treatment, whichever came first. Unmeasurable parameters (eg, ascites and fatigue) and preexisting abnormal measurable parameters were considered AEs if the CTCAE grade had changed after the procedure or if they required close follow-up or treatment. Radioembolization-induced liver disease (REILD) was defined as total serum bilirubin ≥3 mg/dL and ascites in the absence of tumor progression or bile-duct obstruction.24 Radiological follow-up was obtained at 2 months after TARE and then every 2–3 months. Tumor response was assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1.25 Evaluation was performed until disease progression, last radiological follow-up, or patient death, whichever came first. The date of disease progression was the date of the first radiological evidence of disease progression that resulted in change in management.

Outcome Assessment and Prognostic Factor Identification

OS duration was defined as time from the first TARE to death from any cause. Patients who were alive at last follow-up were treated as censored. PFS duration was defined as time from first TARE to disease progression at any site or death from any cause, whichever occurred first. Patients without disease progression or death were censored at the time of the last follow-up with no evidence of disease progression. OS and PFS durations were estimated in the three treatment subgroups (Table 1). Prognostic factors were analyzed only in the major population subgroups: TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib.

Statistical Analysis

OS and PFS durations were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, median values and 95% CIs calculated, and comparison of survival curves across subgroups done using the log-rank test. A univariate analysis to identify potentially prognostic factors was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. All factors in the univariate analysis with p<0.1 were further analyzed in a multivariate model. To eliminate the crossover effect, certain composite factors in which one or more constituent factors were already included in the multivariate analysis were excluded (eg, excluded BCLC stage, if ECOG was already included in the analysis). A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed using a Cox proportional-hazard model via the HR. Statistical significance on multivariate analysis was p<0.05. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21.0.

Results

Patient, Tumor, and Treatment Characteristics

The median follow-up period of the entire population was 8.8 (range 1.2–76.1) months. Patients’ principal demographic characteristics and disease presentations stratified by treatments are summarized in Table 2: of the 155 patients, most had BCLC stage C (71%) and presented with multifocal HCC (83.2%), bilobar involvement (60%), IHD ≤50% (68.4%), and AFP <400 ng/mL (69.5%). MVI and EHD were present in 25.8% and 19.4% of patients, respectively. There were 48.4% and 44.5% of patients undergoing at least one treatment before and after TARE, respectively (Table 3). Patients undergoing one, two, and three sessions of TARE were 89%, 9%, and 2%, respectively. Median intervals between first and second TARE and between second and third TARE were 8.9 (2.1–49.6) and 9.4 (2.5–19.8) months, respectively. The largest treatment subgroups were TARE_alone (35.5%) and TARE_sorafenib (47.7%). Of 74 patients in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup, 43 (58.1%) received suboptimal doses of sorafenib, due to side-effect intolerance. Sorafenib was given prior to TARE in 67 patients (90.5%). The median time from initiation of sorafenib to TARE was 1.5 months, with a range of 74.5 months before to 0.6 months after TARE.

Table 2

Principal Characteristics of Patients and Disease Presentations

	All Patients(n=155)	TARE_alone(n=55)	TARE_sorafenib(n=74)	TARE_alternative(n=26)
Median age, years (range)	65 (15–85)	70 (29–84)	63 (27–84)	64.5 (17–85)
Patients aged <65 years, n (%)	71 (45.8)	15 (27.3)	43 (58.1)	13 (50)
Patients aged ≥65 years, n (%)	84 (54.2)	40 (72.7)	31 (41.9)	13 (50)
Sex, n (%)
Male	117 (75.5)	42 (76.4)	58 (78.4)	17 (65.4)
Female	38 (24.5)	13 (23.6)	16 (21.6)	9 (34.6)
Ethnicity, n (%)
Non-Hispanic white	109 (70.3)	46 (83.6)	46 (62.2)	17 (65.4)
Hispanic	16 (10.3)	5 (9.1)	9 (12.2)	2 (7.7)
Asian	16 (10.3)	1 (1.8)	10 (13.5)	5 (19.2)
Black	14 (9.0)	3 (5.5)	9 (12.2)	2 (7.7)
Etiology, n (%)
Hepatitis B	17 (11.0)	3 (5.5)	13 (17.6)	1 (3.8)
Hepatitis C	52 (33.5)	22 (40)	20 (27)	10 (38.5)
Metabolic	36 (23.2)	17 (30.9)	14 (18.9)	5 (19.2)
Alcoholic	11 (7.1)	4 (7.3)	5 (6.8)	2 (7.7)
Combined	6 (3.9)	0	6 (8.1)	0
Unknown	33 (21.3)	9 (16.4)	16 (21.6)	8 (30.8)
Tumor differentiation, n (%)
Well	41 (26.5)	13 (23.6)	19 (25.7)	9 (34.6)
Moderately	50 (32.3)	17 (30.9)	25 (33.8)	8 (30.8)
Poorly	17 (11)	3 (5.5)	10 (13.5)	4 (15.4)
Unknown	10 (6.5)	4 (7.3)	5 (6.8)	1 (3.8)
Fibrolamellar	3 (1.9)	1 (1.8)	1 (1.4)	1 (3.8)
No biopsy	34 (21.9)	17 (30.9)	14 (18.9)	3 (11.5)
ECOG, n (%)
0	75 (48.4)	27 (49.1)	38 (51.4)	10 (38.5)
1	74 (47.7)	25 (45.5)	34 (45.9)	15 (57.7)
2	5 (3.2)	2 (3.6)	2 (2.7)	1 (3.8)
3	1 (0.6)	1 (1.8)	0	0
BCLC, n (%)
A	5 (3.2)	5 (9.1)	0	0
B	39 (25.2)	22 (40)	16 (21.6)	1 (3.8)
C	110 (71.0)	27 (49.1)	58 (78.4)	25 (96.2)
D	1 (0.6)	1 (1.8)	0	0
Cirrhosis, n (%)
Absence	49 (31.6)	13 (23.6)	27 (36.5)	9 (34.6)
Presence	106 (68.4)	42 (76.4)	47 (63.5)	17 (65.4)
Ascites, n (%)
Absence	141 (91)	49 (89.1)	69 (93.2)	23 (88.5)
Presence	14 (9)	6 (10.9)	5 (6.8)	3 (11.5)
Vascular invasion, n (%)
Absence	115 (74.2)	55 (100)	48 (64.9)	12 (46.2)
Portal vein	36 (23.2)	0	22 (29.7)	14 (53.8)
Hepatic vein	3 (1.9)	0	3 (4.1)	0
Inferior vena cava	1 (0.6)	0	1 (1.4)	0
Lymph node metastasis, n (%)
Absence	137 (88.4)	55 (100)	63 (85.1)	19 (73.1)
Presence	18 (11.6)	0	11 (14.9)	7 (26.9)
Distant metastasis, n (%)
Absence	135 (87.1)	55 (100)	61 (82.4)	19 (73.1)
Presence	20 (12.9)	0	13 (17.6)	7 (26.9)
Extrahepatic disease,a n (%)
Absence	125 (80.6)	55 (100)	55 (74.3)	15 (57.7)
Presence	30 (19.4)	0	19 (25.7)	11 (42.3)
Number of tumors, n (%)
Single	26 (16.8)	10 (18.2)	9 (12.2)	7 (26.9)
Multiple	129 (83.2)	45 (81.8)	65 (87.8)	19 (73.1)
Lobar involvement, n (%)
Unilobar	62 (40)	32 (58.2)	20 (27)	10 (38.5)
Bilobar	93 (60)	23 (41.8)	54 (73)	16 (61.5)
Intrahepatic tumor, n (%)
≤50%	106 (68.4)	55 (100)	34 (45.9)	17 (65.4)
>50%	49 (31.6)	0	40 (54.1)	9 (34.6)
AFP (ng/mL)b, median (range)	68.0 (1.5–656,373.0)	18.2 (1.9–109,307.7)	102.9 (1.5–656,373.0)	240.2 (2.2–44,508.4)
<400	107 (69.5)	45 (81.8)	47 (63.5)	15 (60)
≥400	47 (30.5)	10 (18.2)	27 (36.5)	10 (40)
Albumin–bilirubin grade, n (%)
1	82 (52.9)	28 (50.9)	41 (55.4)	13 (50)
2	73 (47.1)	27 (49.1)	33 (44.6)	13 (50)
Child–Pugh class, n (%)
A	144 (92.9)	50 (90.9)	71 (95.9)	23 (88.5)
B	11 (7.1)	5 (9.1)	3 (4.1)	3 (11.5)

Notes: aIncluded lymph node and distant metastasis; bAFP unavailable in one TARE_alternative patient.

Table 3

Treatment Characteristics

	All Patients(n=155)	TARE_alone(n=55)	TARE_sorafenib(n=74)	TARE_alternative(n=26)
Treatment before TARE, n (%)
None	80 (51.6)	30 (54.5)	44 (59.5)	6 (23.1)
Locala	50 (32.3)	17 (30.9)	26 (35.1)	7 (26.9)
Systemicb	25 (16.1)	8 (14.5)	4 (5.4)	13 (50)
TAREc
Median LSF, % (range)	6.0 (1.1–30.4)	4.6 (1.1–26.4)	6.3 (1.2–30.4)	6.6 (2.0–20.8)
Median lung dose, Gy (range)	8.5 (0.5–49.0)	4.7 (0.5–29.2)	11.5 (0.6–49.0)	12.7 (2.0–29.2)
Median mean absorbed dose to treated liver volume, Gy (range)	110 (80–135)	110 (80–135)	110 (80–135)	110 (80–135)
Median interval between 99mTc MAA and TARE, days (range)	20 (0–78)	21 (0–78)	18 (0–44)	21 (10–34)
Median administered activity (GBqd), range	2.9 (0.5–8.1)	1.9 (0.5–5.8)	3.0 (0.6–8.1)	2.6 (0.8–6.3)
TARE procedures, n (%)
1	138 (89)	47 (85.5)	66 (89.2)	25 (96.2)
2	14 (9)	7 (12.7)	7 (9.5)	0
3	3 (1.9)	1 (1.8)	1 (1.4)	1 (3.8)
Approach
Whole liver	40 (23.7)	11 (20)	21 (28.4)	5 (19.2)
Lobar	124 (73.4)	41 (74.5)	51 (68.9)	21 (80.8)
Segmental	5 (3.0)	3 (5.5)	2 (2.7)	0
Treatment after TARE, n (%)
Nonee	50 (32.3)	25 (45.5)	21 (28.4)	4 (15.4)
Best supportive care	36 (23.2)	8 (14.5)	15 (20.3)	13 (50)
Local	22 (14.2)	12 (21.8)	8 (10.8)	2 (7.7)
Systemic	47 (30.3)	10 (18.2)	30 (40.5)	7 (26.9)

Notes: aIncluded surgical resection, transarterial embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), TARE, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and microwave ablation (MWA). bIncluded chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. cFirst TARE only. dGigabecquerel. eNo treatment because of no progression.

Survival Analysis

Median OS and PFS of the overall population were 14.4 (95% CI 10.6–18.2) and 5.1 (95% CI 3.3–6.8) months, respectively. OS rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 54.1%, 36.1%, and 29%, respectively, and PFS rates at 1 and 2 years 25.6% and 9.7%, respectively. OS and PFS durations of the subgroups are shown in Table 4. Patients with IHT ≤50% without ADFs receiving TARE_alone had the longest median OS of 21.6 (95% CI 6.1–37.1) months and PFS of 9.1 (95% CI 5.2–13.0) months. OS rates of the TARE_alone population at 1, 2, and 3 years were 65.3%, 49.8%, and 35.4%, respectively. Patients with IHT ≤50% with ADFs or IHT >50% receiving TARE_sorafenib showed better OS (12.4 vs 7.3 months) and PFS (5.1 vs 2.8 months) than TARE_alternative treatments. OS rates of the TARE_sorafenib population at 1, 2, and 3 years were 53.2%, 34%, and 28%, respectively, and those of the TARE_alternative population at 1 and 2 years 31.4% and 15.7%, respectively.

Table 4

OS and PFS Stratified by Treatment Strategy

	Total Patients	OS		PFS
		Censored Patients	Median (95% CI), Months	Censored Patients	Median (95% CI), Months
Entire population	155	76	14.4 (11.0–17.9)	32	5.1 (3.3–6.8)
Treatment
TARE_alone	55	33	21.6 (6.1–37.1)	20	9.1 (5.2–13.0)
TARE_sorafenib	74	25	12.4 (9.1–15.6)	7	5.1 (2.6–7.5)
TARE_alternativea	26	11	7.3 (4.7–9.8)	2	2.8 (1.8–3.8)

Notes: aDid not receive sorafenib because of side-effect intolerance (n=12), no or delayed follow-up with the medical oncologist (n=4), contraindications to sorafenib (n=8) and other recent systemic treatment (n=2).

Prognostic Factors

Univariate analysis results of OS and PFS for the TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib subgroups are shown in Table 5. Statistically significant differences in OS and PFS for TARE_alone patients were observed when stratified with AFP (OS 35.2 vs 5.0 months, p <0.001; PFS 10.2 vs 2.2 months, p=0.005), lobar involvement (OS 27.4 vs 10.2 months, p=0.025 and PFS 12.3 vs 4.7 months, p=0.038) and ECOG (PFS 12.2 vs 4.7 months, p=0.038). The sole variables affecting the TARE_sorafenib subgroup were IHT (OS 21.6 vs 11.3 months, p=0.024) and sex (PFS 6.7 vs 2.8 months, p=0.002), respectively.

Table 5

Univariate Analysis of OS and PFS

	OS								PFS
	TARE_alone (n=55)				TARE_sorafenib (n=74)				TARE_alone (n=55)				TARE_sorafenib (n=74)
	n	C, n	Median (95% CI), months	p-value	n	C, n	Median (95% CI), months	p-value	n	C, n	Median (95% CI), months	p-value	n	C, n	Median (95% CI), months	p-value
Sex
Male	42	27	35.2 (0–76.3)	0.468	58	20	12.4 (8.7–16.1)	0.400	42	16	9.1 (7.0–11.2)	0.479	58	7	6.7 (3.6–9.8)	0.002
Female	13	7	19.1 (10.9–27.2)		16	5	14.4 (5.9–23.0)		13	4	6.8 (1.7–12.0)		16	0	2.8 (1.9–3.7)
Ethnicitya
Hispanic	5	3	NA	0.478	9	4	11.5 (3.9–19.1)	0.096	5	1	NA	0.769	9	1	3.1 (2.1–4.0)	0.087
Black	3	1	NA		9	2	7.1 (4.4–9.8)		3	1	NA		9	1	3.9 (2.7–5.1)
Asian	1	1	NA		10	4	11.3 (8.6–14.1)		1	1	NA		10	1	4.9 (2.1–7.7)
Non-Hispanic white	46	29	NA		46	15	14.8 (10.6–18.9)		46	17	NA		46	4	7.1 (3.2–10.9)
Age, years
<65	15	7	21.6 (7.3–36.0)	0.754	43	12	11.6 (5.8–17.4)	0.391	15	4	5.6 (3.2–7.9)	0.783	43	5	4.6 (3.0–6.2)	0.656
≥65	40	26	35.2 (8.6–61.9)		31	13	14.4 (10.6–18.2)		40	16	9.1 (7.2–11.0)		31	2	6.3 (2.8–9.9)
Tumor gradeb
Well differentiated	13	10	NA	0.475	19	5	14.4 (11.3–17.5)	0.972	13	6	12.3 (0–26.4)	0.110	19	2	7.7 (1.6–13.8)	0.805
Moderately differentiated	17	10	21.6 (6.7–36.5)		25	9	11.6 (4.7–18.5)		17	4	6.8 (0.5–13.2)		25	2	5.8 (1.8–9.8)
Poorly differentiated	3	1	9.3 (2.0–16.7)		10	3	10.3 (0–41.7)		3	0	2.2 (0.4–4.1)		10	1	3.0 (0–9.1)
ECOG performance statusc
0	27	17	35.2 (12.3–58.2)	0.050	38	12	11.3 (6.2–16.5)	0.421	27	11	12.2 (9.9–14.4)	0.038	38	3	4.6 (2.2–7.0)	0.155
1	25	12	14.4 (5.8–23.0)		34	12	14.5 (0–29.6)		25	8	4.7 (2.8–6.5)		34	4	7.7 (2.6–12.8)
BCLC staged
B	22	12	35.2 (5.1–65.3)	0.155	16	4	11.3 (7.3–15.3)	0.337	22	8	12.2 (7.1–17.2)	0.062	16	0	5.7 (3.9–7.4)	0.490
C	27	15	14.4 (1.4–27.3)		58	21	14.5 (9.8–19.1)		27	8	4.7 (2.7–6.6)		58	7	4.9 (2.2–7.6)
Cirrhosis
Absence	13	6	19.1 (4.1–34.0)	0.856	27	8	14.4 (9.7–19.2)	0.564	13	1	5.6 (0–11.8)	0.178	27	2	4.9 (2.9–6.9)	0.738
Presence	42	27	27.4 (8.9–46.0)		47	17	12.3 (6.1–18.5)		42	19	10.6 (4.5–16.8)		47	5	5.7 (1.9–9.4)
MVI
Absence	—	—	—	—	48	14	11.5 (8.0–15.1)	0.249	—	—	—	—	48	4	4.9 (2.2–7.5)	0.181
Presence	—	—	—		26	11	18.4 (10.6–26.2)		—	—	—		26	3	5.1 (0–10.9)
EHD
Absence	—	—	—	—	55	21	14.4 (10.1–18.9)	0.188	—	—	—	—	55	5	5.8 (2.6–9.0)	0.245
Presence	—	—	—		19	4	9.4 (9.0–9.8)		—	—	—		19	2	2.8 (1.2–4.4)
Number of tumors
Single	10	8	NA	0.354	9	4	15.9 (11.0–20.9)	0.865	10	5	10.7 (4.4–16.9)	0.264	9	3	14.4 (9.2–19.7)	0.129
Multiple	45	25	21.6 (8.9–34.4)		65	21	12.3 (7.6–17.0)		45	15	6.8 (2.2–11.5)		65	4	4.9 (2.9–6.8)
Lobar involvement
Unilobar	32	23	27.4 (4.2–50.7)	0.025	20	10	15.9 (8.5–23.4)	0.700	32	15	12.3 (6.5–18.0)	0.038	20	5	10.5 (2.1–18.8)	0.374
Bilobar	23	10	10.2 (8.0–12.4)		54	15	12.3 (7.6–17.0)		23	5	4.7 (2.5–6.8)		54	2	4.9 (2.8–6.9)
Intrahepatic tumor
≤50%	—	—	—	—	34	16	21.6 (6.6–36.6)	0.024	—	—	—	—	34	4	5.7 (0.7–10.7)	0.510
>50%	—	—	—		40	9	11.3 (8.1–14.5)		—	—	—		40	3	4.9 (2.6–7.2)
AFP
<400	45	29	35.2 (15.3–55.1)	<0.001	47	17	14.8 (9.6–19.9)	0.091	45	18	10.2 (8.0–12.4)	0.005	47	5	6.3 (3.4–9.3)	0.053
≥400	10	4	5.0 (2.6–7.3)		27	8	9.4 (7.0–11.9)		10	2	2.2 (0.3–4.1)		27	2	3.5 (2.5–4.5)
Child–Pugh class
A	50	32	21.6 (7.0–36.3)	0.261	71	24	12.4 (9.2–15.5)	0.669	50	19	9.1 (6.9–11.3)	0.153	71	7	5.1 (2.5–7.7)	0.061
B	5	1	8.6 (0–21.0)		3	1	41.0 (NA)		5	1	2.2 (0.4–4.0)		3	0	2.7 (0.3–5.2)

Notes: aNo statistics computed because all cases were censored in one stratum (Asian). bExcluded patients without biopsy: TARE_alone (n=22) and TARE_sorafenib (n=20). cExcluded patients with ECOG ≥2: TARE_alone, ECOG 2 (n=2) and ECOG 3 (n=1); TARE_sorafenib, ECOG 2 (n=2). dExcluded patients with BCLC A (n=5) and BCLC D (n=1) in TARE_alone subgroup.

Abbreviations: C, censored; NA, not available.

Multivariate analysis results for OS and PFS are shown in Table 6. Prognostic factors for OS were AFP (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09–0.81; p=0.02) for the TARE_alone subgroup (Figure 1A) and AFP (HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.27–0.93; p=0.027) and IHT (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.2–0.74; p=0.004) for the TARE_sorafenib subgroup (Figure 1B). BCLC stage was excluded from the multivariate analysis of PFS for the TARE_alone subgroup, as ECOG, one of its constituent factors, was already included. The prognostic factor for PFS in the TARE_alone subgroup was lobar involvement (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.92; p=0.029; Figure 1C), and for the TARE_sorafenib subgroup prognostic factors were AFP (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30–0.88; p=0.015) and sex (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24–0.87; p=0.018; Figure 1D).

Table 6

Multivariate Analysis of OS and PFS

	OS				PFS
	TARE_alone (n=55)		TARE_sorafenib (n=74)		TARE_alone (n=55)		TARE_sorafenib (N=74)
	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
Sex
Male	—	—	—	—	—	–	0.46 (0.24–0.87)	0.018
Female	—	—	—	—	—	–	1.00
Ethnicity
Hispanic	—	—	2.22 (0.82–5.89)	0.118	—	–	1.66 (0.76–3.61)	0.208
Black	—	—	5.82 (2.23–15.23)	<0.001	—	—	2.27 (0.86–6.02)	0.099
Asian	—	—	1.33 (0.55–3.23)	0.533	—	—	2.29 (1.05–4.98)	0.037
Non-Hispanic white	—	—	1.00		—	—	1.00
ECOGa
0	0.48 (0.19–1.23)	0.125	—	—	0.52 (0.25–1.09)	0.084	—	—
1	1.00		—	—	1.00		—	—
Lobar involvement
Unilobar	0.51 (0.19–1.32)	0.163	—	—	0.43 (0.20–0.92)	0.029	—	—
Bilobar	1.00		—	—	1.00		—	—
Intrahepatic tumor
≤50%	–	–	0.39 (0.20–0.74)	0.004	—	—	—	—
>50%	–	–	1.00		—	—	—	—
AFP, ng/mL
<400	0.27 (0.09–0.81)	0.020	0.50 (0.27–0.93)	0.027	0.49 (0.20–1.22)	0.127	0.52 (0.3–0.88)	0.015
≥400	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Child–Pugh class
A	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.64 (0.16–2.63)	0.535
B	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00

Notes: aTARE_alone excluded ECOG 2 (n=2) and ECOG 3 (n=1); TARE_sorafenib excluded ECOG 2 (n=2).

Figure 1

Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by prognostic factors showing, significantly longer OS durations for the (A) TARE_ alone subgroup with AFP <400 ng/mL and (B) TARE_sorafenib subgroup with intrahepatic tumor ≤50%, and longer median PFS durations for the (C) TARE_alone subgroup with unilobar involvement and (D) TARE_sorafenib subgroup with AFP <400 ng/mL.

AEs

There were 549 AEs identified in 149 of 175 procedures (85.1%). Number of AEs and pertinent AEs stratified by treatment are displayed in Table 7. AEs were most frequently seen in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup (92.4%), followed by the TARE_alone subgroup (80.3%). Number of AEs per procedure was highest in the TARE_sorafenib (median three, range 0–11) and TARE_alternative (median 3, range 0–8) subgroups. Dosages of sorafenib were reduced in 44 of 79 TARE_sorafenib procedures (55.7%). The five most common AEs in all treatment subgroups were fatigue, nausea/vomiting, abdominal discomfort, hyperbilirubinemia, and thrombocytopenia. Dermatological symptoms (26.6%) and diarrhea (19.0%) were more often observed in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup than the other subgroups (Table 8).

Table 7

Incidence of AEs by Treatment

	TARE_alone	TARE_sorafenib	TARE_alternative
Number of procedures	66	79	30
Number of procedures with AEs (%)	53 (80.3)	73 (92.4)	23 (76.6)
Number of AEs
All	162	300	87
Grade 3–4 (%)	24 (14.8)	21 (7.0)	6 (6.9)
Median AEs (range)
All	2 (0–10)	3 (0–11)	3 (0–8)
Grade 3–4	2 (1–6)	1 (1–4)	1 (1–2)

Table 8

Pertinent AEs by Treatment

Pertinent AEs	TARE_alone		TARE_sorafenib		TARE_alternative
	Grade 1–2	Grade 3–4	Grade 1–2	Grade 3–4	Grade 1–2	Grade 3–4
Constitutional symptoms
Fever	4 (6.1)	0	2 (2.5)	0	1 (3.2)	0
Fatigue	33 (50.0)	0	44 (55.7)	0	13 (41.9)	0
Weight loss	2 (3.0)	0	3 (3.8)	0	1 (3.2)	0
Loss of appetite	3 (4.5)	0	9 (11.4)	0	2 (6.5)	0
Dermatological	1 (1.5)	0	19 (24.1)	2 (2.5)	1 (3.2)	0
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diarrhea	0	0	15 (19.0)	0	0	0
Nausea or vomiting	14 (21.2)	0	34 (43.0)	0	9 (29.1)	0
Abdominal discomfort	10 (15.1)	3 (4.5)	29 (36.7)	1 (1.3)	11 (35.5)	0
Anorexia	3 (4.5)	0	6 (7.6)	0	1 (3.2)	0
Constipation	2 (3.0)	0	5 (6.3)	0	0	0
Gastroesophageal varices hemorrhage	0	0	0	2 (2.5)	0	1 (3.2)
Gastritis	0	0	1 (1.3)	0	0	1 (3.2)
Pancreatitis	0	1 (1.5)	0	0	0	0
Cholecystitis	0	0	0	0	0	1 (3.2)
Intra-abdominal bleeding	0	1 (1.5)	0	1 (1.3)	0	0
Liver disorders
Ascites	4 (6.1)	4 (6.1)	6 (7.6)	2 (2.5)	4 (12.9)	2 (6.5)
REILD	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hepatic encephalopathy	0	3 (4.5)	0	2 (2.5)	0	0
Respiratory symptoms
Dyspnea	4 (6.1)	1 (1.5)	4 (5.1)	0	3 (9.7)	0
Cough	1 (1.5)	0	0	0	0	0
Pleural effusion	0	0	0	1 (1.3)
Radiation-induced pneumonitis	0	0	0	0	0	0
Laboratory abnormalities
Hyperbilirubinemia	13 (19.7)	3 (4.5)	24 (30.4)	1 (1.3)	7 (22.6)	0
Hypoalbuminemia	10 (15.1)	0	19 (24.1)	0	6 (19.3)	0
Anemia	5 (7.5)	0	11 (13.9)	0	6 (19.3)	1 (3.2)
Thrombocytopenia	12 (18.2)	0	17 (21.5)	3 (3.8)	10 (32.3)	0
Leukopenia	11 (16.7)	2 (3.0)	13 (16.4)	3 (3.8)	5 (16.1)	0
Renal dysfunction	0	0	2 (2.5)	0	0	0
Increased AST	4 (6.0)	0	8 (10.1)	0	4 (12.9)	0
Increased ALT	2 (3.0)	0	2 (2.5)	1 (1.3)	3 (9.7)	0
Increased ALP	1 (1.5)	0	7 (8.9)	0	2 (6.5)	0
Other
Electrolyte imbalance	0	1 (1.5)	2 (2.5)	0	0	0
Sepsis	0	1 (1.5)	0	2 (2.5)	0	0

Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.

Grade 1–2 AEs accounted for 90.7% of total AEs, while grade 3–4 AEs accounted for 9.3%. No patients experienced grade 5 AEs or serious consequences, such as radiation pneumonitis or REILD. The number of grade 3–4 AEs per procedure was slightly higher in the TARE_alone (median two, range 1–6) than the TARE_sorafenib (median one, range 1–4) and TARE_alternative (median one, range 1–2) subgroups. Probable treatment-related complications included grade 3 acute pancreatitis in one TARE_alone patient that developed 1 day after TARE, and grade 1 radiation-induced dermatitis in 1 TARE_sorafenib patient observed immediately after TARE.

Discussion

While most survival analyses of HCC patients undergoing TARE have been based on BCLC staging, in this work our patient-treatment strategy was based on IHT (≤50 vs >50%), ADFs (presence or absence of ill-defined or infiltrative HCC, MVI, or EHD), and performance status. We also allowed for combined treatment with sorafenib in relatively high DB (IHT >50% or present ADFs) and other treatment options; therefore, clinical outcomes were unknown.

The overall median OS of 14.4 months and median PFS of 5.1 months in our population was found to be similar to other studies.8–10,12,13 Interestingly, TARE_alone patients had the longest OS (21.6 months) and PFS (9.1 months), despite receiving monotherapy, inferring that TARE_alone is a promising treatment for patients with IHT ≤50% without ADFs. Furthermore, patients who should have received TARE_sorafenib (IHT >50% or presence of ADFs), but had contraindications to sorafenib or could not tolerate sorafenib (TARE_alternative) experienced the shortest OS (7.3 months) and PFS (2.8 months). A novel finding was observed in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup whereby OS of patients with IHT ≤50% was almost twice as long as those with IHT >50% (21.6 vs 11.3 months, p=0.024). Additionally, TARE_sorafenib patients with IHT ≤50% with ADFs achieve OS of 21.6 months, similar to TARE_alone patients. These findings strongly suggest a survival benefit from TARE_sorafenib in patients with IHT ≤50% and presence of ADFs.

Besides the well-known effect of devascularization, antiangiogenic agents, such as sorafenib, also normalize tumor vasculature and thereby enhance the delivery of oxygen to the core of the tumor.16,26,27 The duration of increased tumor oxygenation, which can enhance the tumoricidal effect of radiation, is however believed to be temporary. Consequently, radiotherapy given during this normalization window might boost the synergistic effect of combined therapy.28 The optimal interval and sequence between sorafenib and TARE to achieve an adequate modification effect and optimal dosage of sorafenib when used in combination with TARE are currently unsettled. Intervals between sorafenib and TARE in published works have varied considerably.14,16 In the latest prospective randomized controlled trial in advanced-HCC patients comparing survival outcome between sorafenib alone and combination of sorafenib and TARE, initiation of sorafenib within 3 days after TARE did not provide additional survival benefit (OS 11.4 vs 12.1 months, HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81–1.25; p=0.9529).29 Interestingly, a majority of our patients (90.5%) had been treated with sorafenib before TARE, and over half (58.1%) had also received reduced dosages of sorafenib, but many still realized some benefits. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that initiation of sorafenib for a period prior to sorafenib could possibly improve survival outcomes, even if sorafenib is not given at full dosage.

Prior studies have reported that low serum AFP, unilobar involvement, IHT <25%, no EHD, no MVI, BCLC stage B, and Child–Pugh A were associated with better survival outcomes in patients receiving TARE.10,12,13 In this work, multivariate analysis revealed AFP as a prognostic factor for OS in both the TARE_alone (HR 0.27, p=0.02) and TARE_sorafenib (HR 0.5, p=0.027) subgroups. TARE_alone patients with AFP <400 ng/mL also had unexpectedly longer median OS than those with AFP ≥400 ng/mL (35.2 vs 5.0 months, p<0.001). These findings suggest that our treatment scheme is especially effective for patients with AFP <400 ng/mL. IHT was the other clinically meaningful prognostic factor for OS in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup (HR 0.39, p=0.004), supporting its use as a powerful differentiator along with ADFs as done in this work.

Multivariate analysis on the TARE_alone subgroup showed lobar involvement to be the only prognostic factor for PFS (HR 0.43, p=0.029). Given that lobar involvement was associated not only with DB but also with technical and dosimetric aspects of TARE, the markedly different PFS observed between unilobar and bilobar involvement (12.3 vs 4.7 months, p=0.038) was not unreasonable. AFP was once implicated on multivariate analysis as a statistically significant parameter for PFS in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup, along with sex. Asian etnicity was not considered reliable, because of the small sample.

All our treatment regimens should be considered safe, as evidenced by only 9.3% grade 3–4 AEs and no treatment-related deaths (grade 5), radiation pneumonitis, or REILD. The most common AEs — fatigue, nausea/vomiting, abdominal discomfort, hyperbilirubinemia, and thrombocytopenia — were consistent with the results of existing studies.8–10,12,13 Although AEs were more common in the TARE_sorafenib subgroup, >90% were grade 1–2. Incidence of sorafenib-related AEs in our study was actually lower than in several prospective studies.22,30 This may be because in 55.7% of TARE_sorafenib procedures, the dosage of sorafenib was reduced to alleviate sorafenib-related symptoms. In addition, most of these patients had been on a continued sorafenib regimen for a period prior to TARE, and thus were known to tolerate sorafenib at the time of TARE. The severity of some AEs in our study might have been overestimated, because patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension may have had abnormal or marginally abnormal baseline characteristics (eg, hyperbilirubinemia, elevated liver enzymes, or thrombocytopenia), which are easily exacerbated by treatment. Furthermore, our follow-up was not limited to 3 or 6 months, but lasted until the patient’s death, last follow-up, or change in treatment. The results during the lengthy follow-up could have been confounded by disease progression or underlying liver impairment. Therefore, it was not surprising to see a higher incidence of grade 3–4 AEs, particularly hepatic-related symptoms, in our TARE_alone patients, who had much longer OS and PFS than the others.

Our study has four major strengths. First, our findings are more generalized than those from clinical trials, as our study was conducted using real-world patient data from a large routine practice, where patients have a variety of DBs and disease characteristics and undergo various treatments. Second, stratification by DB and treatment has led to more specific results for each subgroup. Third, the assessment of critical features, such as IHT and ADFs, is practical and valid for treatment stratification. IHT ≤50% or >50% are relatively coarse assessments allowing multidisciplinary team members to do this easily. Each descriptor of ADFs (eg, infiltrative HCC, MVI, and EHD), irrespective of whether patients present with them alone or together, resulted in the same treatment recommendation of TARE_sorafenib. Pooling all these features into a single group, namely ADFs, makes an algorithm easy to use. Finally, our study included patients treated with TARE and sorafenib, whose outcomes have not been investigated extensively, and we successfully revealed survival benefits of this combined treatment in a specific subgroup: IHD ≤50% without ADFs. The limitations of this study mostly relate to its retrospective nature. The number of samples in some subgroups was too low or too heterogeneous to be meaningful. Besides, uncontrollable factors, such as delayed treatment because of insurance issues or suboptimal treatment resulting from patient noncompliance, may have affected treatment outcomes.

On the basis of the findings stemming from this work, we suggest additional studies for further exploration. First, AFP level seems to be one of the strongest independent prognostic factors for survival. Incorporating AFP level into treatment considerations, along with other DB parameters, could make the treatment algorithm more efficient. Second, the optimal interval and dosage of sorafenib when used in combination with TARE have not been fully established; therefore, further studies to determine these parameters might be the key to successful combined therapy. Third, assessing the failure patterns of any given treatment might reveal pitfalls that can be pathways for improvement. Finally, the most recent prospective trial comparing survival outcomes between the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab versus sorafenib in unresectable HCC showed better OS and PFS in the dual-therapy arm, with HR 0.58.31 Looking ahead, atezolizumab and bevacizumab in combination with TARE could be explored as an alternative treatment option, especially for patients with relatively high DB.

Conclusion

Our institutional treatment approach seems to be a promising strategy for unresectable HCC patients. TARE_alone could provide an impressive survival outcome in patients with IHT ≤50% without ADFs, and was particularly prominent in the setting of unilobar HCC and serum AFP <400 ng/mL. TARE_sorafenib resulted in some extra grade 1–2 AEs compared to TARE only, and thus should be preserved for patients with IHT >50% or presence of ADFs. Patients with IHT ≤50% and presence of ADFs with serum AFP <400 ng/mL are most likely to benefit from this combined treatment.