Jostein Kjærandsen1, Alexei Polevoi2, Jukka Salmela3,4. 1. Tromsø University Museum, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Tromsø University Museum, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway. 2. Forest Research Institute of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia Forest Research Institute of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Petrozavodsk Russia. 3. Regional Museum of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland Regional Museum of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland. 4. Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland Arctic Centre, University of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The subfamily Gnoristinae is one of the most diverse and taxonomically difficult subfamilies of Mycetophilidae, with new species and genera being described almost every year from various parts of the world. Through inventories of fungus gnats in the Nordic Region and Russia, a genus and species new to science was discovered, yet with links back to an illustration made by the late French entomologist Loïc Matile in the 1980s. DNA barcoding aligned it with yet another species new to science, distributed across Canada and documented through The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) by Paul D. N. Hebert and colleagues at the BOLD team. NEW INFORMATION: The new Holarctic genus, Coelosynapha gen. n. is described, consisting of two new species, the Palaearctic Coelosynapha loici sp. n. and the Nearctic Coelosynapha heberti sp. n. DNA-barcodes assign the two new species to distinctly separated (8.27% p-distance) Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) which are most closely aligned to unidentified species of Mycetophilidae from South Australia and Costa Rica on BOLD. The new genus shows morphological characteristics in between the two Holarctic genera Coelosia Winnertz, 1864 and Synapha Meigen, 1818 and further shows affinity to the southern continents genus Austrosynapha Tonnoir, 1929. The Palaearctic Coelosynapha loici sp. n., for which habitat requirements are best documented, is largely restricted to pristine, old-growth conifer (mostly spruce, Picea abies ssp. obovata) forests within the boreal vegetation zone, although it is also recorded from hummock tundra along the Anadyr River in Far East Russia. Jostein Kjærandsen, Alexei Polevoi, Jukka Salmela.
BACKGROUND: The subfamily Gnoristinae is one of the most diverse and taxonomically difficult subfamilies of Mycetophilidae, with new species and genera being described almost every year from various parts of the world. Through inventories of fungus gnats in the Nordic Region and Russia, a genus and species new to science was discovered, yet with links back to an illustration made by the late French entomologist Loïc Matile in the 1980s. DNA barcoding aligned it with yet another species new to science, distributed across Canada and documented through The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) by Paul D. N. Hebert and colleagues at the BOLD team. NEW INFORMATION: The new Holarctic genus, Coelosynapha gen. n. is described, consisting of two new species, the Palaearctic Coelosynapha loici sp. n. and the Nearctic Coelosynapha heberti sp. n. DNA-barcodes assign the two new species to distinctly separated (8.27% p-distance) Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) which are most closely aligned to unidentified species of Mycetophilidae from South Australia and Costa Rica on BOLD. The new genus shows morphological characteristics in between the two Holarctic genera Coelosia Winnertz, 1864 and Synapha Meigen, 1818 and further shows affinity to the southern continents genus Austrosynapha Tonnoir, 1929. The Palaearctic Coelosynapha loici sp. n., for which habitat requirements are best documented, is largely restricted to pristine, old-growth conifer (mostly spruce, Picea abies ssp. obovata) forests within the boreal vegetation zone, although it is also recorded from hummock tundra along the Anadyr River in Far East Russia. Jostein Kjærandsen, Alexei Polevoi, Jukka Salmela.
Entities:
Keywords:
Coelosynapha ; Gnoristinae ; Mycetophilidae ; DNA barcoding; Holarctic distribution; new genus; new species; old-growth conifer forests.
According to Fontaine et al. (2012), the average shelf life between discovery and description of a new species is 21 years across different taxa and the longest average shelf life is documented for terrestrial animals discovered by professional taxonomists living in rich countries. Sitting on huge collections with hundreds of potentially new species to science in our Nordic museum collections, the authors of this paper are guilty of this misconduct. For higher taxa, like describing a new genus, we suspect the average time can be even longer, given the uncertainty in relating it to known taxa often coupled with the scarcity of specimens of high quality. Still, discovering and describing new genera from the comparatively well-known insect fauna of the Nordic Region (see, for example, Ronquist et al. 2020) is not commonplace anymore.The current case concerns an undescribed genus known from the high north of Fennoscandia, from the Altai mountains and Far East Chukotka in Russia and from across southern Canada, i.e. a circumpolar taxon. Some 25 years ago, Geir E. E. Søli at the Natural History Museum in Oslo was made aware of an enigmatic species belonging to the subfamily of the family when the late French entomologist Loïc Matile (1938-2000, see Daugeron et al. 2002) sent him illustrations (Fig. 1) and a brief one-page description of a potential new genus, based on a single specimen collected in Finland. On the top of the description page, Loïc Matile had noted by hand: “Had this for years… What do you think? LM”. Due to the scarce material, the case was shelved until the species was collected again, in 2009, this time also in Finnish Lapland by one of the authors (JS). Specimens were this time sent to a specialist in the USA, but again shelved without further progress. Further materials appeared from across Russia and Northern Norway. Meanwhile, after gathering at the 8th International Congress of Dipterology in Germany in 2014, the authors of this paper started tighter cooperation on the discovery of new and problematic species of fungus gnats in the Nordic Region through a forum page on the Vibrant ScratchPad site “Fungus Gnats Online” (Fungus_Gnats_Online 2020). We all run national projects to record and describe the Nordic and Russian fauna of fungus gnats (see, for example, Jakovlev et al. 2014, Kjærandsen 2020, Kjærandsen et al. 2007b, Polevoi 2010, Polevoi and Barkalov 2017, Salmela et al. 2016, Salmela and Kolcsár 2017Kjærandsen et al. 2007a, Kjærandsen and Jordal 2007) and we are heavily engaged in DNA barcoding through the NorBOL (NorBOL 2020, Kjærandsen 2017) and FinBOL (FinBOL 2020) initiatives. Eventually, specimens of the enigmatic new species were obtained from several, mainly old-growth, coniferous sites across the Palaearctic Taiga, ranging from Reisa National Park in Norway in the west all the way to Chukotka in the Far East of Russia.
Figure 1.
Some 25 year ago, the late French entomologist Loïc Matile (1938-2000) prepared these illustrations and a brief one-page description of a potential new genus based on a single specimen collected in Finland (A = ventral view, B = dorsal view.)
Specimens of the new taxon from Fennoscandia and Russia were submitted for barcoding and their automated Barcode Index Number (BIN) (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013) assigned on The Barcode of Life Data System, BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) aligned them as the nearest neighbour to another unidentified and very similar species, sampled across southern Canada and barcoded through the Canadian Barcode of Life initiative (Hebert et al. 2016). Upon request to the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, we were kindly offered a loan of the voucher material of this species, which, together with our Palaearctic material, are argued here to represent a new genus of the subfamily , family .The subfamily appears to be amongst the most difficult branches of the to classify. Phylogenies (e.g. Kaspřák et al. 2018) are still rendering it paraphyletic with respect to and, according to Kaspřák et al. (2018), the is one of the most diverse and taxonomically difficult subfamilies of , with new species and genera being described almost every year. Highly variable taxa have led to numerous small genera with few species being segregated, as well as species-rich, polyphyletic "trash bin" genera like Johannsen, 1909. Within these genera, the variation in the classical Meigen-Winnertzian character system, which is largely based on wing venation, tends to break down, especially when tropical taxa are considered (see further discussion in Ševčík and Kjærandsen 2012).
Materials and methods
Specimen preparation and storage
The studied specimens were collected over a period from 2009 to 2016 from 12 localities in North America and Eurasia (Fig. 2). Being initially stored in 70-95% ethanol, they were partly dried through baths of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS, see Brown 1993) and pinned during the study. Terminalia were detached from the abdomen and treated by standard methods (macerated either in warm lactic acid or in a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), cleaned in distilled water and neutralised in acetic acid). After detailed study and imaging, the terminalia were placed into microvials with glycerine and pinned together with the rest of the specimen. The poor (fragmented) quality of the voucher materials borrowed from the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics did not allow for dry pinning, so the primary types from Canada were transferred from alcohol to glycerine in microvials on pins. Materials are deposited in the collections of the following institutions: Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Canada; California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, California, USA; Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø, Norway; Regional Museum of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland; Siberian Zoological Museum, Novosibirsk, Russia; Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia; Forest Research Institute, Petrozavodsk, Russia.
Figure 2.
The circumpolar distribution of gen. n. visualised on Google Earth. Green plots across the Palaearctic region display records of sp. n., yellow plots across the Nearctic region display records of sp. n.
DNA barcoding
The 658 bp fragment of the mitochondrial protein-encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was sequenced from a total of 10 sp. n. specimens and five sp. n. specimens. One leg from each fresh specimen was sent to the Canadian Centre for DNA barcoding, BIO (Guelph, Ontario, Canada), for DNA extraction and bi-directional Sanger sequencing as a part of the Norwegian Barcode of Life (NorBOL) (see Kjærandsen 2017) and Finnish Barcode of Life (FinBOL) initiatives, both branches of the International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). The new sequences are available from The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and also as supplementary material (Suppl. material 1).
Illustrations
A Leica MC170HD microscope camera, mounted on a Leica M205C stereomicroscope, was used to capture images of whole specimens and of detached terminalia macerated in hot lactic acid and stored in glycerine. Stacked images, merged for extended focus applying the Helicon Focus software, were subsequently moderately photo-shopped into illustrative plates. Digital illustrations (Fig. 10) were made with Inkscape vector drawing editor (http://inkscape.org).
Terminology
The general terminology of body, wings and terminalia follows Søli (2017) with a few additional, more specific terms from Söli (1997).
Taxon treatments
Kjaerandsen, Polevoi & Salmela, 2020
gen. n.93512EDB-7182-5834-AD3C-B1C94E6A787E278C1F57-07CE-473E-A485-D10BD7925D82Kjaerandsen, Polevoi & Salmela Status: new species described in this paper.
Description
A genus, as presently known with moderately slender and quite small, down to 3 mm body length, species (Figs 3, 5). Colouration uniformly brown on head and body, darker preterminal segments, mostly yellow on legs and terminalia. Head (Fig. 4) round, eyes kidney-shaped with tendency of dorsal eye-bridge expansion (like in Meigen, 1818, unlike in Winnertz, 1864 and Tonnoir, 1929), interommatidia pubescent. Antenna moderately slender, with 16 segments, large, semi-globular pedicel and flagellar segments 2-3 times as long as wide (shorter in , distinctly longer in and ). Mouth parts average, with five, gradually longer palpal segments, no clear sensory pit discernible in third segment (without slide mounting). Clypeus bud-shaped, shorter than face. Three ocelli in a near straight line (Fig. 4b, c), lateral ocellus more than two times its diameter from eye. Antepronotum with pair of strong antepronotal setae arching over the head (Fig. 4a, c). Mesonotum with setae in acrostichal and dorsocentral rows, devoid of setulae in between but rich in setae laterally (Fig. 4c). Meso- and metapleurites all without setae (Figs 4a, 5). Wings (Figs 6, 7) hyaline, unpatterned, wing membrane with irregularly arranged microtrichia. Costa produced more than half way between R and M, subcosta long, ending in C proximal to crossvein Rs (Fig. 6a), usually without, occasionally with crossvein sc–r (Fig. 7d). Radial sector variable, usually with R present (Fig. 6d), sometimes with R and R separate (Fig. 6b), occasionally with only crossvein Rs (Fig. 7b). Anterior fork with stem more than 2× longer than r–m. Posterior fork short, rather widely divergent. All veins anterior of iCu with setae on dorsal surface except for basal transversal crossvein tb and M-stem. Legs with irregularly arranged setulae. Fore tarsus subequal in length to fore tibia. No sense organ discernible on mid tibia.
Figure 5.
Holotype of sp. n., in 95% ethanol (CC-0, CBG Photography Group, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics).
Figure 4b.
Head, frontal view.
Figure 4c.
Head and thorax, dorsal view.
Figure 4a.
Thorax, lateral view.
Figure 6a.
Paratype, male 1, whole wing
Figure 7d.
Paratype, female, details of radial sector.
Figure 6d.
Paratype, male 2, details of radial sector.
Figure 6b.
Paratype, male 1, details of radial sector.
Figure 7b.
Holotype, male, details of radial sector.
Female terminalia (Fig. 8) rather truncated, with only hypoproct/sternite 10 and cerci somewhat elongated. Tergite 8 short, wide rectangular. Tergite 9 wide, subrectangular, with some setae extending towards epiproct dorsally. Cercus with first segment more than 2× as long as wide, second segment small, ovate. Gonocoxite 8 moderately split ventrally, with free, sclerotised, semicircular lamellae. Sternite 9 small, retracted.
Figure 8.
Terminalia of female paratype of sp. n. (A = dorsal view. B = lateral view). Abbreviations: C1 = cercus 1; C2 = cercus 2; G8 = gonocoxite 8; HP/S10 = hypoproct and sternite 10; S9 = sternite 9; T8 = tergite 8; T9 = tergite 9.
Male terminalia (Figs 9, 10) with tergite 9 long and apically tapered. Cerci and epiproct usually partly retracted under tergite 9, but can be exposed (Fig. 9a). Gonocoxite open, semicircular with deep ventral cleft (Fig. 10a). Gonostyles large, elongated, exposed, apically with three, sclerotised, blunt, digitate projections and pair of long setae on inner surface (Fig. 10b). Aedeagal apparatus inconspicuous, tiny, elongated, framed within a small, pentagonal parameral structure (Fig. 10a).
Figure 9a.
Stacked image, lateral view.
Figure 10a.
Terminalia, ventral view.
Figure 10b.
Gonostylus, internal view.
Diagnosis
A genus similar to Tonnoir, 1929, Winnertz, 1864 and Meigen, 1818 in general appearance, but with very characteristic and unique male terminalia with three blunt, digitate processes apically on the gonostyles (Figs 9a, b, 10a, b). It can be separated from the three genera by the wing venation having the combination of 1) extension of C long, ending more than half way between R and M (Fig. 6a, like in , shorter in and ); 2) Sc ending in C at level of Rs (Fig. 6a, shorter in which is variable for this character), usually without, but occasionally with sc–r present (Fig. 7d, always absent in ); 3) anterior fork petiole more than 2× length of crossvein r–m (Fig. 6a, like in most and all , unlike in ); 4) short and wide posterior fork (Fig. 6a, like in all and some , unlike in and some ).
Figure 9b.
Stacked image, caudal view.
Etymology
The generic name is feminine gender and put together by the two genus names Winnertz, 1864 and Meigen, 1818, indicating the affinity to and intermediate position between those two genera.
Distribution
Records of the new genus display a circumpolar distribution pattern from Fennoscandia to Far East Russia in the Palaearctic Region and across Canada in the Nearctic Region (Fig. 2).Kjaerandsen, Polevoi & Salmela, 2020
sp. n.76F34AEE-AEB4-5526-9F37-459FC37274D2ADD078517C0E23A-F95B-440F-97D8-CAA0105FE566Type status:
Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102389; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:5d9ce586-8e3f-4c53-b57c-4ce8f09debc9; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Oct-07-2016; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102390; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in glycerine vial; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:b5f8e15a-36bb-488d-8487-db9c007600d0; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Oct-07-2016; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102391; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in glycerine vial; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:69b453cf-4f75-41e2-8667-41c5fa37eadd; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Oct-07-2016; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102749; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:4fe1af9c-e93a-4da7-8a17-1164022e4302; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Jan-06-2017; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102750; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:a01d62c3-4453-4d80-9924-1e66531a6e41; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Jan-06-2017; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102751; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:a01e5902-a3bd-4b97-8196-de178527d292; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Jan-06-2017; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102752; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:49a80161-b4e1-4619-affb-88c05a2b6ae8; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Jan-06-2017; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-102753; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, HMDS-dried from ethanol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:6d2863e8-c396-4188-856d-fc3ea8d4575d; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Jan-06-2017; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: TSZD-JKJ-111229; recordedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol, in freezer; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:00150511-d1f9-4d15-8c76-cf7c00a1c58d; Location: locationID: N-TRI-0045; country: Norway; stateProvince: Troms og Finnmark; municipality: Nordreisa; locality: Nokinivat, Reisa NP btw Naustneset and Nedrefosshytta; verbatimElevation: 63 m; locationRemarks: MT 6-2016, pine forest; verbatimCoordinates: 69 19 38 N 21 57 18 E; decimalLatitude: 69.3273; decimalLongitude: 21.9551; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Feb-28-2020; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 16–Sep 16 2016; Record Level: collectionID: TMU-JKJ-COL-000389; institutionCode: TSZ; collectionCode: TSZD; ownerInstitutionCode: Tromso University Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: MYCE-NV-2013-0230; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in glycerine vial; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:b0b3b9a8-f241-4219-848a-12bd65866d97; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars occidentalis; municipality: Kittilä; locality: Pomokaira, Tarpomapää; verbatimElevation: 300 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest; decimalLatitude: 67.8205; decimalLongitude: 25.9192; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: June 1–29 2009; Record Level: collectionID: MYCE-NV-2013-0230; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:98e5f84a-192c-4750-bf98-ddbe1006bf4f; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars occidentalis; municipality: Kittilä; locality: Pomokaira, Tarpomapää; verbatimElevation: 300 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest; decimalLatitude: 67.8205; decimalLongitude: 25.9192; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: June 1–29 2009; Record Level: institutionCode: CSCA; collectionCode: CSCA; ownerInstitutionCode: California State Collection of Arthropods; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0033; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:3fb6eaa2-3d60-4750-93e7-d0dbbdf55b49; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia enontekioensis; municipality: Enontekiö; locality: Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park, Röyninkuru; verbatimElevation: 360 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest, herb-rich; decimalLatitude: 68.1482; decimalLongitude: 24.075; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 5–Aug 7 2013; Record Level: collectionID: DIPT-JS-2015-0033; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2014-0030; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:cd2dc33f-5eeb-4318-8067-e3b856374ff8; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Regio kuusamoensis; municipality: Salla; locality: Värriö Strict Nature Reserve, Kuntasjoki; verbatimElevation: 330 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest, herb-rich; decimalLatitude: 67.7494; decimalLongitude: 29.6169; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jun 29–Jul 29 2013; Record Level: collectionID: DIPT-JS-2014-0030; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0151; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:25fc9a52-bb58-4f8c-8244-1f6437742075; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia enontekioensis; municipality: Enontekiö; locality: Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park, Röyninkuru; verbatimElevation: 360 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest, herb-rich; decimalLatitude: 68.1482; decimalLongitude: 24.075; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 5–Aug 7 2013; Record Level: collectionID: DIPT-JS-2015-0151; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0393; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars orientalis; municipality: Savukoski; locality: Ainijärvi; verbatimElevation: 260 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest, herb-rich; decimalLatitude: 67.7701; decimalLongitude: 29.4332; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 30–Sep 28 2015; Record Level: collectionID: DIPT-JS-2015-0393; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2016-0197; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars orientalis; municipality: Savukoski; locality: Ainijärvi; verbatimElevation: 260 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest; decimalLatitude: 67.7688; decimalLongitude: 29.4286; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jul 30–Sep 28 2015; Record Level: collectionID: DIPT-JS-2016-0197; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2016-0599; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars orientalis; municipality: Savukoski; locality: Ainijärvi; verbatimElevation: 260 m; locationRemarks: Old-growth spruce forest; decimalLatitude: 67.7688; decimalLongitude: 29.4286; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: Jun 30–Jul 25 2015; Record Level: collectionID: DIPT-JS-2016-0599; institutionCode: LMM; collectionCode: LMM; ownerInstitutionCode: Regional Museum of Lapland; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: A. Polevoi; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in glycerine vial; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:2db6d72a-a309-406d-8917-6e1ee5e2f15d; Location: country: Russia; stateProvince: Murmansk Province; locality: Laplandskiy Nature Reserve, Lisiy Ruchei; verbatimElevation: 237 m; decimalLatitude: 67.6512; decimalLongitude: 32.5985; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: A. Polevoi; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: May 28–Sep 20 2014; Record Level: institutionCode: FRIP; ownerInstitutionCode: Forest Research Institute KRC RAS; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: A. Barkalov; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in glycerine vial; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:a388b08d-4177-443f-be4e-1aa92cfe4077; Location: country: Russia; stateProvince: Chukotka Autonomyus District; locality: Anadyr r., 30 km lower l. Krasnoe; verbatimElevation: 15 m; decimalLatitude: 64.72; decimalLongitude: 175.21; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 1 km; Identification: identifiedBy: A. Polevoi; Event: samplingProtocol: Yellow pan trap; eventDate: Jun 25–Jul 19 2014; Record Level: institutionCode: SZM; ownerInstitutionCode: Siberian Zoological Museum; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Ju. Timchuk; individualCount: 2; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 80% alcohol, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in glycerine vial; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:b8160746-46c3-4fdc-94ea-d98b0ce9064f; Location: country: Russia; stateProvince: Republic of Altai; locality: 7 km NNE of Kurai; verbatimElevation: 2144 m; decimalLatitude: 50.2957; decimalLongitude: 87.902; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 10 m; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: A. Polevoi; Event: samplingProtocol: Window trap; eventDate: May 28–Sep 20 2014; Record Level: institutionCode: UTR; ownerInstitutionCode: Tomsk State University; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenMale. (Figs 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11a, b, 12, n = 8)
Figure 11a.
sp. n., ventral view.
Figure 11b.
sp. n., dorsal view.
Head (Fig. 4) dark brown, vertex sparsely covered by short, light hairs. Three ocelli almost in line, lateral ocellus placed 2.5 to 3 times its diameter from eye margin. Clypeus bud-shaped, 2x wider than long. Palpi 5-segmented, yellowish-brown. First three segments short, fifth segment 1.75–1.5 as long as fourth segment. Antenna with scape and pedicel usually largely brown, sometimes yellowish. Pedicel with outstanding apico-dorsal seta about as long as first flagellomere. Flagellomeres bearing light, curved, decumbent setulae, their length not exceeding width of respective flagellomeres.Thorax (Fig. 4a, c). Scutum usually dark-brown (with yellow humeral area in Chukotka specimen), thinly dusted, with yellow setulae. Pleural sclerites glabrous, dark brown, antepronotum and proepisternum yellowish. Laterotergite and mediotergite bare. Strong antepronotal seta about as long as head. Scutellum with two strong setae and four small setae.Wings (Fig. 6). Wing length 2.6–2.9 mm. Sc ending in C, cross-vein sc–r absent. C produced beyond apex of R5 for about 2/3 of the distance between R and M present, forming rectangular cell, occasionally separate veins R and R developed. Anterior fork long, divergent. Posterior fork short, its long stem is forked well beyond point of furcation of anterior fork. Veins M and CuA rather widely divergent. Sc with 3-5 macrotrichia on apical half. Basal transversal crossvein (tb) and M-stem bare, all other veins anterior of iCu fold setose. Halters pale yellowish.Legs. Legs yellow with a brown tinge on trochanter, tibia and tarsi. Fore tarsus 1 slightly longer than fore tibia (ratio 1.06 in holotype).Abdomen. Abdominal tergites and sternites brown, bearing light hairs. Tergites 7 and 8 rudimentary in size, sternite 8 lingulate.Terminalia (Figs 9, 10, 11a, b, 12). Yellowish-brown with pale yellow gonostyles except on sclerotised, blackish apical processes, setation mostly pale. Tergite 9 elongated, narrowed to half width on apical half, apex rounded, bearing 12-15 apico-ventral, stout setae. Cerci and hypoproct/sternite 10 partly retracted in under tergite 9, expandable. Gonocoxites with a deep ventral cleft. Gonocoxite with a hyaline, apico-mesal, long seta, almost as long as gonostylus. Gonostylus elongated, with three blunt, digitate projections apically (marked as a, b & c in Fig. 12a, c), three lamellae subapically (marked as d, e & f in Fig. 12a, b, c) and two long bristles mesally (marked as g & h in Fig. 12b, c). Apical projection (a) finger-like, apically rounded, widest medially and bent dorsally. Subapical projection (b) wide, black, apically rounded, glabrous. Basal projection (c) black, hollow, having reticulate surface pattern, glabrous, apically rounded. Lateral lamella (d) triangular, high and narrow, glabrous. Ventral lamella (e) a sharp low ridge, edged with 6 blunt teeth-shaped setae. Ventromesal lamella (f) forming a blunt ridge densely covered with setulae.
Figure 12a.
Gonostylus, external view.
Figure 12c.
Gonostylus, internal view.
Figure 12b.
Gonostylus, dorsal view.
Aedeagus inconspicuous, parameres fused.Female unknown.sp. n. is named in honour of the late French entomologist Loïc Matile (1938–2000) who first studied the new species and illustrated its terminalia (Fig. 1) way back in the mid 1980s. It is further an expression of the importance of classical morphological studies including detailed illustrations to be retained in the new integrative science of taxonomy.The new species has a wide Palaearctic range in boreo-mountainous localities, it has been collected from the High North boreal forest of Fennoscandia (Norway, Finland, NW Russia), from a high mountain site in Asian part of Russia and from hummock tundra in Far East Russia, at a total of seven localities (Fig. 2).
Ecology
Six of the collecting sites are within the boreal vegetation zone while the record from Chukotka is from the low arctic ecoregion. The European sites, one in Norway, three in Finland, one in Russia, are all northern boreal, close to the range limit of spruce (), lying some 140-180 km north of the arctic circle. All European collecting sites are pristine, boreal old-growth forests, dominated by spruce or occasionally pine (Reisadalen NP) and with scattered deciduous trees (birch, and goat willow, ). The ground layer is characterised by mosses, especially and bilberry (). Malaise traps on these sites have been set in the vicinity of springs or cold headwater streams. The specimens from Altai were collected at an altitude of 2144 m above sea level in steppe type forest. The Chukotka specimen was collected with a yellow pan trap set in hummock tundra along the Anadyr river at 5-10 m above sea level.Kjaerandsen, Polevoi & Salmela, 2020
sp. n.CE03FDDF-4C7D-54C0-A896-5CD9ED45DA8FACI5160090406C0-6C4D-4CF9-8A25-5CDB1FF07186Type status:
Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG10047-B08; recordNumber: GMP#01494; recordedBy: Cavan Harpur; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, whole specimen in glycerine vial, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in separate glycerine vial; associatedMedia: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_DataRetrieval_OpenSpecimen?selectedrecordid=4186616; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:bf70f2b5-796a-420c-b4a9-9861e66ebab9; Location: country: Canada; stateProvince: Ontario; locality: Pukaskwa National Park,near Park Office; decimalLatitude: 48.601; decimalLongitude: -86.2893; geodeticDatum: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: Jostein Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Feb-28-2020; Event: eventDate: Jun 24–Jul 8 2013; Record Level: institutionCode: CBG; collectionCode: BIOUG; ownerInstitutionCode: Centre for Biodiversity Genomics; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG12690-F07; recordNumber: GMP#01116; recordedBy: Park Staff; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, whole specimen in glycerine vial, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in separate glycerine vial; associatedMedia: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_DataRetrieval_OpenSpecimen?selectedrecordid=4487356; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:5b79b318-2c59-448d-9ead-87c458abf1a7; Location: country: Canada; stateProvince: Quebec; locality: Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve; decimalLatitude: 50.2135; decimalLongitude: -63.7979; geodeticDatum: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: Jostein Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Feb-28-2020; Event: eventDate: 12–18 Sep 2013; Record Level: institutionCode: CBG; collectionCode: BIOUG; ownerInstitutionCode: Centre for Biodiversity Genomics; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG19436-E05; recordNumber: GMP#04291; recordedBy: Jamie; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 95% alcohol; associatedMedia: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_DataRetrieval_OpenSpecimen?selectedrecordid=5534257; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:aab42085-0f79-4ee4-9035-d31e6f488f36; Location: country: Canada; stateProvince: British Columbia; locality: Bunkhouse; decimalLatitude: 51.365; decimalLongitude: -116.528; geodeticDatum: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: Jostein Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Feb-28-2020; Event: eventDate: Jun 25–Jul 19 2014; Record Level: institutionCode: CBG; collectionCode: BIOUG; ownerInstitutionCode: Centre for Biodiversity Genomics; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG06633-C03; recordNumber: L#12BIOBUS-1119; recordedBy: BIOBus 2012; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: imago; preparations: Pinned, whole specimen in glycerine vial, terminalia detached, cleared and stored in separate glycerine vial; associatedMedia: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_DataRetrieval_OpenSpecimen?selectedrecordid=3435128; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:7e70d5b9-6a4d-425d-b96f-0e4c0245d88f; Location: country: Canada; stateProvince: ALberta; locality: Jasper National Park; decimalLatitude: 53.124; decimalLongitude: -117.775; geodeticDatum: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: Jostein Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Feb-28-2020; Event: eventDate: 17–25 Jul 2012; Record Level: institutionCode: CBG; collectionCode: BIOUG; ownerInstitutionCode: Centre for Biodiversity Genomics; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:
Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG21264-A06; recordNumber: GMP#03915; recordedBy: M.Otway; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: imago; preparations: In 95% alcohol; associatedMedia: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_DataRetrieval_OpenSpecimen?selectedrecordid=5833545; occurrenceID: urn:uuid:04f350dd-49a0-4c09-a145-1d37c3e32544; Location: country: Canada; stateProvince: Saskatchewan; locality: Grasslands National Park; decimalLatitude: 49.001; decimalLongitude: -106.557; geodeticDatum: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: Jostein Kjaerandsen; dateIdentified: Feb-28-2020; Event: eventDate: Jun 29–Jul 17 2014; Record Level: institutionCode: CBG; collectionCode: BIOUG; ownerInstitutionCode: Centre for Biodiversity Genomics; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenMale.(Figs 5, 7, 8, 11c, d, 13, n = 1 [holotype])
Figure 11c.
sp. n., ventral view.
Figure 11d.
sp. n., dorsal view, tergal parts removed.
Colouration and most body characteristics (Fig. 5) as in sp. n. and will not be repeated here.Wings (Fig. 7a, b). Wing length 2.6 mm. Crossveins sc–r and R absent (in holotype, Fig. 7b). Posterior fork longer, its stem forking opposite of anterior fork (Fig. 7a). Veins M and CuA branching with acute angle and less divergent at base of fork. Sc with 6 macrotrichia on apical half.
Figure 7a.
Holotype, male, whole wing.
Terminalia (Figs 11c, d, 13). Tergite 9 elongated, gradually tapering into acute apex, bearing two, strong, pale and 15 dark, apico-ventral, stout setae. Cerci and hypoproct/sternite 10 retracted well in under tergite 9. Gonocoxites with a deep ventral cleft. Gonocoxite with a hyaline, apico-mesal, long seta, almost as long as gonostylus. Gonostylus elongated, with three blunt, digitate projections apically (marked as a, b & c in Fig. 13a) , three lamellae subapically (marked as d, e & f in Fig. 13a, b) and two long bristles mesally (marked as g & h in Fig. 13b). Apical projection (a) finger-like, apically rounded, evenly broad and symmetrical. Subapical projection (b) narrow, black, apically rounded, glabrous. Basal projection (c) black, hollow, having reticulate surface pattern, glabrous except strong setae on a small projection laterally, apically rounded. Lateral lamella (d) subrectangular, high and narrow, covered with setae. Ventral lamella (e) forming a blunt ridge with row of 10 acute, short setae. Ventromesal lamella inconspicuous fold without specialised setae.
Figure 13a.
Gonostylus, external view.
Figure 13b.
Gonostylus, dorsal view.
Female. (n = 4)Colouration as for male.Wings (Fig. 7c, d). Wing length 2.9 mm (n = 1). Venation in radial sector variable. One (SSJAD4978-13) of four females with crossvein sc–r present (Fig. 7d), two females with R present and forming tiny cell, one female without R. Sc with 3–6 macrotrichia on apical half, setation otherwise as for male.
Figure 7c.
Paratype, female, whole wing.
Terminalia (Fig. 8) as described for genus.sp. n. is named in honour of Paul D. N. Hebert, "the father" of DNA barcoding who also led the project of barcoding the insects of Canada (Hebert et al. 2016) from which the new species was located through its barcode similarity with sp. n. It is further an expression of the importance of DNA barcoding in the new integrative science of taxonomy.The new species has a wide Nearctic range across Canada (Fig. 2).Couplet 1 corresponds to the couplet 68 in the key by Søli et al. (2000)
Discussion
The enormous success of DNA barcoding now has accumulated a substantial amount of sequenced insects on BOLD, very useful for new and integrative taxonomic studies. More than 65,000 specimens belonging to the family have been successfully sequenced and, of them, some 10,000 are assigned to the subfamily . Some 1100 identified species have public barcodes although more than 2400 different BINs are assigned, thus indicating that the majority of the species still remains unidentified beyond the (sub)family level on BOLD. A weakness with the BOLD initiative may be that several of the typically well-funded, large scale DNA barcoding projects, undertaken so far, did not have a focus on, nor adequate resources allocated to, securing high quality morphological identification of the vouchers for the accumulated barcodes. Unfortunately, this critical endeavour of the BOLD archive is largely left to the under-funded and scarce taxonomic expertise to engage in "post-sequence" at will.In the Nordic region, however, strong ties between The Norwegian and Swedish Biodiversity Information Centres, including their Taxonomy Initiatives and NorBOL and FinBOL, are ensuring that the best taxonomic expertise is building up the reference library of the local fauna on the BOLD archive. Hence, the vast majority of some 6500 DNA barcoded fungus gnats () from the Nordic region have been identified to species level upon submission and the reference library is profoundly and repeatedly quality-checked and curated after barcodes and BINs are assigned. This has resulted in a high quality reference library, now covering about 90% of the known fauna and more than 100 additional species considered to be new to science (Kjærandsen 2020, Kjærandsen 2017). Hence, when the sequences of gen. n. most closely resembles exotic, unidentified species of from South Australia and Costa Rica (Fig. 14a), this is a strong indication of a genus not previously known from the region. When we restrict the dataset to the 6500 sequences, representing nearly all genera of Nordic , gen. n. is most closely aligned with the genus Meunier, 1904 (Fig. 14b), while species of both and appear more distant.
Figure 14a.
Taxa of the new genus gen. n. and their closest hits on the entire BOLD database as of 10 March 2020. Three unidentified taxa from South Australia and Costa Rica display the closest haplotype similarity to the new genus.
Figure 14b.
The taxa of the new genus gen. n. in a dataset of 6500 sequences of Nordic clearly separates the two species in distinct BINs. Locally in the Nordic Region, the genus Meunier, 1904 show highest similarity with , while species of both and are more distant.
sp. n. is assigned to the BIN BOLD:ADD0785, consisting of 10 members with a maximum within-species genetic distance of 0.72%. sp. n. with five members assigned to BIN BOLD:ACI5160 likewise has a maximum within-species genetic distance of 0.72%. The reciprocal nearest-neighbour distance between the two is 8.27–8.66% (depending on direction). A barcode gap analysis of the distance between sp. n. and close genera reveals the closest being Lundström, 1909 at 13.67%, the closest being Meigen, 1818 at 15.36% and the sole determined sp. on BOLD (sp. JSGS1, mined from GenBank) at 16.79% distance.The variation seen in the radial sector of the wing in species of gen. n. is not unique. Several genera show variation in exactly this character, including Edwards, 1941, Edwards, 1925, and Winnertz, 1864, to a point where the instability is almost a characteristic of parts of the subfamily. None of these genera, however, appears to be very closely related to gen. n. as revealed by COI haplotype similarities.There are indications that both , as presently defined, are polyphyletic genera in need of revision, but it is beyond the scope of this paper to address these issues pending a more thorough revision of the entire subfamily. Here we have added another genus that, if included in either of them or in , would likely render them even more para- or polyphyletic. We hope that describing gen. n. will give new insights and inspire further phylogenetic studies of the fascinating, but intriguing subfamily .DNA barcodes of specimens of gen. n. downloaded from BOLDDNA barcodes in fasta formatThe headings are listed with process ID on BOLD, species name, specimen code, country, state/region, mitochondrial gene region, BIN and, when available, GenBank index number.File: oo_412056.txt
1
Point of furcation of posterior fork (veins M4 and CuA) distinctly beyond point of furcation of anterior fork (veins M1 and M2)
2
–
Point of furcation of posterior fork (veins M4 and CuA) before, below or slightly beyond point of anterior fork (veins M1 and M2)
Couplet 69 in the key by Søli et al. (2000)
2
Stem of anterior fork more than 2x longer than crossvein r–m, R2+3 present or absent, crossvein sc–r present or absent
Coelosynaphagen. n.
–
Stem of anterior fork at most slightly longer than crossvein r–m, R2+3 always absent, Crossvein sc–r always absent
Coelosia Winnertz, 1864
Couplet 1 corresponds to the couplet 68 in the key by Søli et al. (2000)
Authors: Paul D N Hebert; Sujeevan Ratnasingham; Evgeny V Zakharov; Angela C Telfer; Valerie Levesque-Beaudin; Megan A Milton; Stephanie Pedersen; Paul Jannetta; Jeremy R deWaard Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Date: 2016-09-05 Impact factor: 6.237
Authors: Fredrik Ronquist; Mattias Forshage; Sibylle Häggqvist; Dave Karlsson; Rasmus Hovmöller; Johannes Bergsten; Kevin Holston; Tom Britton; Johan Abenius; Bengt Andersson; Peter Neerup Buhl; Carl-Cedric Coulianos; Arne Fjellberg; Carl-Axel Gertsson; Sven Hellqvist; Mathias Jaschhof; Jostein Kjærandsen; Seraina Klopfstein; Sverre Kobro; Andrew Liston; Rudolf Meier; Marc Pollet; Matthias Riedel; Jindřich Roháček; Meike Schuppenhauer; Julia Stigenberg; Ingemar Struwe; Andreas Taeger; Sven-Olof Ulefors; Oleksandr Varga; Phil Withers; Ulf Gärdenfors Journal: PLoS One Date: 2020-03-04 Impact factor: 3.240
Figure 1.
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Figure 5.
Figure 4b.
Figure 4c.
Figure 4a.
Figure 6a.
Figure 7d.
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Figure 11a.
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Figure 14a.
Figure 14b.