Mathias K Kammerer1, Konstantin Bub2, Tania M Lincoln2. 1. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: mathias.konstantin.kammerer@uni-hamburg.de. 2. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is indication that frequent nightmares are an early indicator of psychotic disorders in adolescents and young adults. Yet which aspects of nightmares are relevant and how they contribute to psychotic experiences has remained unclear. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in a community sample of young adults between the ages of 18 and 27 (n = 486) to identify aspects of nightmares (nightmare frequency (NF), nightmare distress (ND), nightmare contents), that are related to specific psychotic experiences (paranoid thoughts, hallucinations, negative symptoms) after controlling for sleep quality, and examined factors that potentially mediate this relationship (stress, depression). RESULTS: Nightmare frequency and -distress were significantly associated with paranoid thoughts, hallucinations and negative symptoms (NF: rs = 0.293 - 0.139; ND: rs = 0.411 - 0.166). Nightmares significantly added to explaining paranoid thoughts and hallucinations, over and above sleep quality, but not to explaining negative symptoms. The relations between nightmare distress and psychotic experiences were partially mediated by stress (percentage mediated for paranoid thoughts: 38.20%; for hallucinations: 11.77%) and depression (percentage mediated for paranoid thoughts: 56.61%; for hallucinations: 28.02%). The most commonly reported nightmare contents revolved around being chased, falling and losing a close relative and specific contents were significantly related to the frequency of hallucinations (eg, threatening surroundings, OR = 1.73) or paranoia (eg, workspace bullying, OR = 2.02). CONCLUSIONS: Thorough assessments of nightmares and sleep disturbances in young individuals could facilitate early detection of those at risk and help to target preventive treatments. However, longitudinal studies are needed to test for a causal relationship between nightmares and the development of psychotic symptoms.
BACKGROUND: There is indication that frequent nightmares are an early indicator of psychotic disorders in adolescents and young adults. Yet which aspects of nightmares are relevant and how they contribute to psychotic experiences has remained unclear. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in a community sample of young adults between the ages of 18 and 27 (n = 486) to identify aspects of nightmares (nightmare frequency (NF), nightmare distress (ND), nightmare contents), that are related to specific psychotic experiences (paranoid thoughts, hallucinations, negative symptoms) after controlling for sleep quality, and examined factors that potentially mediate this relationship (stress, depression). RESULTS: Nightmare frequency and -distress were significantly associated with paranoid thoughts, hallucinations and negative symptoms (NF: rs = 0.293 - 0.139; ND: rs = 0.411 - 0.166). Nightmares significantly added to explaining paranoid thoughts and hallucinations, over and above sleep quality, but not to explaining negative symptoms. The relations between nightmare distress and psychotic experiences were partially mediated by stress (percentage mediated for paranoid thoughts: 38.20%; for hallucinations: 11.77%) and depression (percentage mediated for paranoid thoughts: 56.61%; for hallucinations: 28.02%). The most commonly reported nightmare contents revolved around being chased, falling and losing a close relative and specific contents were significantly related to the frequency of hallucinations (eg, threatening surroundings, OR = 1.73) or paranoia (eg, workspace bullying, OR = 2.02). CONCLUSIONS: Thorough assessments of nightmares and sleep disturbances in young individuals could facilitate early detection of those at risk and help to target preventive treatments. However, longitudinal studies are needed to test for a causal relationship between nightmares and the development of psychotic symptoms.