Mahboob Rahman1, Xue Wang2, Joshua D Bundy3, Jeanne Charleston4, Debbie Cohen5, Jordana Cohen5, Paul E Drawz6, Lama Ghazi6, Edward Horowitz7, James P Lash8, Sarah Schrauben5, Matthew R Weir9, Dawei Xie2, Raymond R Townsend5. 1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Mahboob.Rahman@uhhospitals.org. 2. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. 4. Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 5. Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 6. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 7. Metrohealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. 8. Division of Nephrology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. 9. Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Whether ambulatory BP monitoring is of value in evaluating risk for outcomes in patients with CKD is not clear. METHODS: We followed 1502 participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study for a mean of 6.72 years. We evaluated, as exposures, ambulatory BP monitoring profiles (masked uncontrolled hypertension, white-coat effect, sustained hypertension, and controlled BP), mean ambulatory BP monitoring and clinic BPs, and diurnal variation in BP-reverse dipper (higher at nighttime), nondipper, and dipper (lower at nighttime). Outcomes included cardiovascular disease (a composite of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease), kidney disease (a composite of ESKD or halving of the eGFR), and mortality. RESULTS: Compared with having controlled BP, the presence of masked uncontrolled hypertension independently associated with higher risk of the cardiovascular outcome and the kidney outcome, but not with all-cause mortality. Higher mean 24-hour systolic BP associated with higher risk of cardiovascular outcome, kidney outcome, and mortality, independent of clinic BP. Participants with the reverse-dipper profile of diurnal BP variation were at higher risk of the kidney outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of participants with CKD, BP metrics derived from ambulatory BP monitoring are associated with cardiovascular outcomes, kidney outcomes, and mortality, independent of clinic BP. Masked uncontrolled hypertension and mean 24-hour BP associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease and progression of kidney disease. Alterations of diurnal variation in BP are associated with high risk of progression of kidney disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. These data support the wider use of ambulatory BP monitoring in the evaluation of hypertension in patients with CKD. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/JASN/2020_09_24_JASN2020030236.mp3.
BACKGROUND: Whether ambulatory BP monitoring is of value in evaluating risk for outcomes in patients with CKD is not clear. METHODS: We followed 1502 participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study for a mean of 6.72 years. We evaluated, as exposures, ambulatory BP monitoring profiles (masked uncontrolled hypertension, white-coat effect, sustained hypertension, and controlled BP), mean ambulatory BP monitoring and clinic BPs, and diurnal variation in BP-reverse dipper (higher at nighttime), nondipper, and dipper (lower at nighttime). Outcomes included cardiovascular disease (a composite of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease), kidney disease (a composite of ESKD or halving of the eGFR), and mortality. RESULTS: Compared with having controlled BP, the presence of masked uncontrolled hypertension independently associated with higher risk of the cardiovascular outcome and the kidney outcome, but not with all-cause mortality. Higher mean 24-hour systolic BP associated with higher risk of cardiovascular outcome, kidney outcome, and mortality, independent of clinic BP. Participants with the reverse-dipper profile of diurnal BP variation were at higher risk of the kidney outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of participants with CKD, BP metrics derived from ambulatory BP monitoring are associated with cardiovascular outcomes, kidney outcomes, and mortality, independent of clinic BP. Masked uncontrolled hypertension and mean 24-hour BP associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease and progression of kidney disease. Alterations of diurnal variation in BP are associated with high risk of progression of kidney disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. These data support the wider use of ambulatory BP monitoring in the evaluation of hypertension in patients with CKD. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/JASN/2020_09_24_JASN2020030236.mp3.
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