Nurya Aghnia Farda1, Jiing-Yih Lai2, Jia-Ching Wang3, Pei-Yuan Lee4, Jia-Wei Liu5, I-Hui Hsieh6. 1. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli County, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. 2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli County, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. 3. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli County, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Pervasive Artificial Intelligence (PAIR) Labs, Taipei City, Taiwan. 4. Orthopedic Department, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan. 5. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli County, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan. 6. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli County, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan. Electronic address: ihsieh@cc.ncu.edu.tw.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Classification of the type of calcaneal fracture on CT images is essential in driving treatment. However, human-based classification can be challenging due to anatomical complexities and CT image constraints. The use of computer-aided classification system in standard practice is additionally hindered by the availability of training images. The aims of this study is to 1) propose a deep learning network combined with data augmentation technique to classify calcaneal fractures on CT images into the Sanders system, and 2) assess the efficiency of such approach with differential training methods. METHODS: In this study, the Principle component analysis (PCA) network was selected for the deep learning neural network architecture for its superior performance. CT calcaneal images were processed through PCA filters, binary hashing, and a block-wise histogram. The Augmentor pipeline including rotation, distortion, and flips was applied to generate artificial calcaneus fractured images. Two types of training approaches and five data sample sizes were investigated to evaluate the performance of the proposed system with and without data augmentation. RESULTS: Compared to the original performance, use of augmented images during training improved network performance accuracy by almost twofold in classifying Sanders fracture types for all dataset sizes. A fivefold increase in the number of augmented training images improved network classification accuracy by 35%. The proposed deep CNN model achieved 72% accuracy in classifying CT calcaneal images into the four Sanders categories when trained with sufficient augmented artificial images. CONCLUSION: The proposed deep-learning algorithm coupled with data augmentation provides a feasible and efficient approach to the use of computer-aided system in assisting physicians in evaluating calcaneal fracture types.
BACKGROUND: Classification of the type of calcaneal fracture on CT images is essential in driving treatment. However, human-based classification can be challenging due to anatomical complexities and CT image constraints. The use of computer-aided classification system in standard practice is additionally hindered by the availability of training images. The aims of this study is to 1) propose a deep learning network combined with data augmentation technique to classify calcaneal fractures on CT images into the Sanders system, and 2) assess the efficiency of such approach with differential training methods. METHODS: In this study, the Principle component analysis (PCA) network was selected for the deep learning neural network architecture for its superior performance. CT calcaneal images were processed through PCA filters, binary hashing, and a block-wise histogram. The Augmentor pipeline including rotation, distortion, and flips was applied to generate artificial calcaneus fractured images. Two types of training approaches and five data sample sizes were investigated to evaluate the performance of the proposed system with and without data augmentation. RESULTS: Compared to the original performance, use of augmented images during training improved network performance accuracy by almost twofold in classifying Sanders fracture types for all dataset sizes. A fivefold increase in the number of augmented training images improved network classification accuracy by 35%. The proposed deep CNN model achieved 72% accuracy in classifying CT calcaneal images into the four Sanders categories when trained with sufficient augmented artificial images. CONCLUSION: The proposed deep-learning algorithm coupled with data augmentation provides a feasible and efficient approach to the use of computer-aided system in assisting physicians in evaluating calcaneal fracture types.