Next steps in mechanisms of inflammaging.

Striking age-related changes occur in the human immune system, beginning in the sixth decade of life. Age is a non-modifiable, universal risk factor that results in the dysregulation of many cellular homeostatic processes. The decline in immune cell macroautophagy/autophagy and the increased generation of proinflammatory cytokines during agingfuels the development of diseases in the elderly. We reported that higher Th17 inflammation during aging was secondary to dysregulation in T cell autophagy. However, the mechanism underlying lower anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 activation-induced T cell autophagy during aging remain unknown. Our data fuel the speculation that dysregulation of the glutathione (GSH) system might cause the decline in T cell autophagy in aging, additionally provoked by reactive oxygen species signaling emanating from the mitochondria.