Changes in Vaginal Microbiome in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women with Bacterial Vaginosis: Toward Microbiome Diagnostics?

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is highly common, adversely affecting the health of millions of women. New therapeutic targets and diagnostics are urgently needed for BV. Microbiome research offers new prospects in this context. We report here original findings on changes in the vaginal microbiome in pregnant and nonpregnant women with BV. Reproductive age women were recruited for this study after a clinical examination. The total sample (N = 33) included four study groups: (1) healthy nonpregnant women (n = 9), (2) nonpregnant women with symptomatic BV (n = 11), (3) healthy pregnant women without BV (n = 6), and (4) pregnant women with symptomatic BV (N = 7). The vaginal microbiota in healthy women was less diverse, with dominance of a single genus, Lactobacillus. Six major phyla appeared upon taxonomic analysis of the bacterial sequences: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria. For instance, Firmicutes had a significantly higher abundance (98.3%) in the nonpregnant healthy group and 94.3% in pregnant healthy group, compared with nonpregnant (49.7%) and pregnant (67%) women with BV (p = 0.003). Moreover, women with BV had significant increases in representation of Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Bacteroidetes (p = 0.0003, 0.004, and 0.01, respectively). Although the Lactobacillus genus was predominant in healthy women, Gardnerella, Atopobium, Sneathia, and Prevotella significantly increased in nonpregnant women with BV (p = 0.001, 0.014, 0.004, and 0.012, respectively). Dysbiosis of Lactobacillus in pregnant women with BV was accompanied by increased prevalence of the Streptococcus genus. These findings contribute new insights toward microbiome diagnostics and therapeutics innovation in BV.