Clostridium difficile Infection: an update on treatment and prevention.

Disruption of the colonic microflora is one of the most significant adverse effects of antibiotic (ATB) therapy. Excessive multiplication of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile strains is responsible for about 20 % of cases of post-antibiotic diarrhoea. The global trend of Clostridium colitis incidence, severity, mortality and in particular therapeutic failure keeps rising. At the Department of Infectious Diseases we work on long-term monitoring of the most important colitis-associated risk factors and evaluation of individual therapeutic and preventive procedures (selective ATB therapy, faecal bacteriotherapy). A diligent analysis of risk factors and knowledge of pathogenesis are a prerequisite to practical implementation of effective and rational precautions to curb spreading of this illness. In the future, we anticipate increased use of fecal microbiota transplant, improvements in faecal transplant administration, wider use of probiotics and selective ATBs and further introduction of passive and active immunization into practice.