Joana Vitte1,2, Aïssatou Bailo Diallo1,2, Asma Boumaza1,2, Alexandre Lopez1,2,3, Moïse Michel1,2, Jérôme Allardet-Servent4, Soraya Mezouar5, Youssouf Sereme1,2, Jean-Marc Busnel6, Tewfik Miloud6, Fabrice Malergue6, Pierre-Emmanuel Morange7, Philippe Halfon8, Daniel Olive9, Marc Leone1,2,3, Jean-Louis Mege1,2,10. 1. Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, UMR-D258 Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France. 2. Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France. 3. Aix-Marseille University, APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Service d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, Marseille, France. 4. Service de Réanimation, Hôpital Européen de Marseille, Marseille, France. 5. Genoscience, Marseille, France. 6. Beckman Coulter, Marseille, France. 7. Centre de Recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, Aix-Marseille University INSERM, INRAE, APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France. 8. Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Hôpital Européen-Laboratoire Alphabio, Marseille, France. 9. Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258, Marseille, France. 10. Aix-Marseille University, APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Service d'Immunologie, Marseille, France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: An unbiased approach to SARS-CoV-2-induced immune dysregulation has not been undertaken so far. We aimed to identify previously unreported immune markers able to discriminate COVID-19 patients from healthy controls and to predict mild and severe disease. METHODS: An observational, prospective, multicentric study was conducted in patients with confirmed mild/moderate (n = 7) and severe (n = 19) COVID-19. Immunophenotyping of whole-blood leukocytes was performed in patients upon hospital ward or intensive care unit admission and in healthy controls (n = 25). Clinically relevant associations were identified through unsupervised analysis. RESULTS: Granulocytic (neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil) markers were enriched during COVID-19 and discriminated between patients with mild and severe disease. Increased counts of CD15+CD16+ neutrophils, decreased granulocytic expression of integrin CD11b, and Th2-related CRTH2 downregulation in eosinophils and basophils established a COVID-19 signature. Severity was associated with emergence of PD-L1 checkpoint expression in basophils and eosinophils. This granulocytic signature was accompanied by monocyte and lymphocyte immunoparalysis. Correlation with validated clinical scores supported pathophysiological relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Phenotypic markers of circulating granulocytes are strong discriminators between infected and uninfected individuals as well as between severity stages. COVID-19 alters the frequency and functional phenotypes of granulocyte subsets with emergence of CRTH2 as a disease biomarker.
BACKGROUND: An unbiased approach to SARS-CoV-2-induced immune dysregulation has not been undertaken so far. We aimed to identify previously unreported immune markers able to discriminate COVID-19patients from healthy controls and to predict mild and severe disease. METHODS: An observational, prospective, multicentric study was conducted in patients with confirmed mild/moderate (n = 7) and severe (n = 19) COVID-19. Immunophenotyping of whole-blood leukocytes was performed in patients upon hospital ward or intensive care unit admission and in healthy controls (n = 25). Clinically relevant associations were identified through unsupervised analysis. RESULTS: Granulocytic (neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil) markers were enriched during COVID-19 and discriminated between patients with mild and severe disease. Increased counts of CD15+CD16+ neutrophils, decreased granulocytic expression of integrin CD11b, and Th2-related CRTH2 downregulation in eosinophils and basophils established a COVID-19 signature. Severity was associated with emergence of PD-L1 checkpoint expression in basophils and eosinophils. This granulocytic signature was accompanied by monocyte and lymphocyte immunoparalysis. Correlation with validated clinical scores supported pathophysiological relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Phenotypic markers of circulating granulocytes are strong discriminators between infected and uninfected individuals as well as between severity stages. COVID-19 alters the frequency and functional phenotypes of granulocyte subsets with emergence of CRTH2 as a disease biomarker.