Clinical, hematobiochemical, and pathological findings and therapeutic management of viperine snake envenomation in zebu cattle.

The present investigation was carried out to study the epidemiology, clinical signs, bleeding profile, kidney function, and pathology and to evaluate the therapeutic protocol for viperine snake envenomation in zebu cattle over a period of 14 years. A total of 98 cases of viperine bite were reported with the highest incidence during monsoon months in grazing male zebu cattle. Ascending swelling over the affected limb with lameness or asymmetrical swelling over the face with dyspnea was a consistent clinical finding. Increased bleeding tendency was invariably observed in ailing cattle with major bleeding from the site of the bite. Hematobiochemistry showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, prolonged capillary blood clotting time, and elevation of BUN and creatinine. The characteristic gross pathological lesions observed were widespread petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages in the lungs, liver, heart, spleen, abomasal mucosa, and intramuscular or subcutaneously at the site of bite. Histopathological examination revealed presence of necrohemorrhagic changes within the liver, heart, kidneys, skeletal muscles, and subcutaneously or intradermally at the site of bite. Diagnosis of viperine snakebite was made based on circumstantial evidence of bite, progressive swelling, and bleeding at the site of bite. The severity was assessed based on prolongation of capillary blood clotting time, thrombocytopenia, and kidney dysfunction. Therapeutic protocol comprising polyvalent anti-snake venom along with supportive therapy for 5-9 days showed encouraging results with 88.30% survival rate. In conclusion, the precise diagnosis of viperine snake envenomation in cattle can be made from history and typical clinical signs while severity and treatment can be monitored based on bleeding profile.