Using a Virtual-Representational-Abstract Integrated Framework to Teach Multiplicative Problem Solving to Middle School Students with Developmental Disabilities.

Effective instructional strategies to improve mathematical problem solving skills are critically important to student success in both school-based and real-world mathematics tasks. This study reports effects of a Virtual-Representational-Abstract Integrated framework on the mathematical problem solving skills of three middle school students with developmental disabilities (autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability). All participants improved in their problem solving accuracy when solving multiplicative comparison word problems using realistic double and triple multipliers. Additionally, all participants maintained their mathematical problem solving accuracy after visual supports (graphic organizer) were removed. Detailed findings and implications for future research and practitioners are discussed.