Decreased Synovial Fluid Biomarkers Levels Are Associated with Rehabilitation of Function and Pain in Rotator Cuff Tear Patients Following Electroacupuncture Therapy.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess inflammatory cytokines levels in synovial fluid (SF) before and after electroacupuncture (EA) treatment and to explore whether these biomarkers are associated with function of rotator cuff tear (RCT) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We recruited 54 patients with RCT and separated them into an EA group and a control group. The SF biomarker levels were detected at baseline and at 6-week and 6-month follow-up. The symptomatic severity was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS), Constant-Murley score, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES). We also investigated the correlation between symptomatic severity and biomarker levels in SF of the shoulder joint. RESULTS The reductions in VAS and improved functional score (ASES and Constant-Murley score) were significantly different between the 2 groups, and SF biomarker concentrations were significantly lower in the EA group. IL-1ß levels were significantly negatively correlated with Constant-Murley score (r=-0.73, P=0.04) and ASES score (r=-0.59, P<0.001) and positively correlated with VAS scores (r=0.81, P=0.004). IL-6 levels were significantly negatively correlated with Constant-Murley score (r=-0.67, P=0.03) and positively correlated with VAS score (r=0.7, P=0.01). MMP-1 levels were significantly negatively correlated with ASES score (r=-0.57, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The biomarkers in SF were directly associated with shoulder pain and shoulder function in rotator cuff tear. EA, as a safe and effective conservative therapy, obviously decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines in RCT patients, accompanied by a reduction in shoulder pain and improved function.

RCT Entities:   Population Interventions Outcomes

Background

Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, representing almost 70% of shoulder injuries and affecting more than 17 million persons in the USA [1-3]. Rotator cuff tear mainly impairs active motion and decreases muscle strength, which results in low quality of life and impaired work performance [4,5]. Etiologically, extrinsic factors like impingement and traumatic force cause rotator cuff injuries. Moreover, intrinsic factors play an equally important role in rotator cuff tear [6,7]. Changes in biomarkers of synovial fluid (SF) have been proposed as a contributing intrinsic factor in pathogenesis of the disease [6,7]. There have been many studies on biomarkers of SF in knee disorders and they demonstrate the close correlation between biomarker levels in SF and the pathological conditions of osteoarthritis (OA) [9-13]. However, there have been few studies regarding the correlation between biomarkers in SF and severity of shoulder diseases. Some of these studies indicate the molecule levels in SF are associated with shoulder pain and impaired function in patients with shoulder diseases [14-17]. Studies reported that cytokine levels varied significantly according to the severity of rotator cuff tears [15-17]. Interleukins play an important role in shoulder pain and impaired shoulder range of motion [15], but other studies found that specific interleukins were not correlated with pain in RCT [17,18]. Some researchers reported that upregulation of metalloproteinases levels is common in RCT [18-21]; they found that matrix metalloproteinases levels increased with rotator cuff tear severity and might be the most important biomarkers distinguishing between non-rotator cuff tear groups and rotator cuff tear patients [21-24]. Although previous studies tried to determine the intrinsic mechanism of RCT, their findings were not robust [16-20]. All these previous studies were single-time-point investigations with small samples, and lack of control groups also contributed to their limited strength [15-21]. More reliable conclusions need to be provided by controlled trials with longer follow-up periods.

Electroacupuncture (EA) [25] has been proved to be an effective therapy for managing musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities. A randomized controlled trial suggested that EA accelerated bone mineralization radiographically and biomechanically during the healing stage [26]. The use of EA to treat Achilles tendon rupture increased the concentration of growth factors and enhanced the physical strength of the healing tendon compared with a control group [27]. Accordingly, we hypothesized that EA is an effective method for management of RCT.

The effects of changes in inflammatory cytokine levels on RCT progression have been unclear. The present study aimed to: 1) measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines in SF before and after EA treatment and to determine whether these biomarkers are associated with RCT function, and 2) evaluate the effectiveness and safety of EA for treating rotator cuff tear.

Material and Methods

Study design and participants

After Institutional Review Board approval (No. 2017-003), we retrospectively recruited out-patients who were diagnosed as having a full-thickness rotator cuff tear by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and finished the follow-up from January 2017 to January 2019 in the Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang. For all patients, we performed standard detailed history collecting, physical examination, and MRI assessment. We recorded patient’s characteristics that could affect the study results, such as age, sex, duration of injury, size of lesion, diabetes, smoking, body mass index (BMI), workload, and tear on dominant side. Inclusion criteria were: 1) patients diagnosed as having an MRI-proven full-thickness rotator cuff tear; 2) patients who received conservative treatment; 3) with at least 6 months of follow-up after conservative treatment; 4) tear size is small or medium (DeOrio and Cofield classification [28]). According to the DeOrio and Cofield classification, rotator cuff tear size is classified into 4 grades (small to massive) according to the oblique-sagittal views: for small, the greatest dimension is <1 cm; for medium, 1–3 cm; for large, 3–5 cm; and for massive, >5 cm. Tear size was evaluated and recorded based on MRI at first-time consultancy by the same senior surgeon. The following exclusion criteria were used: 1) previous operative history on the same shoulder; 2) with other shoulder diseases such as frozen shoulder, arthritis, or fracture; 3) received any recent pharmacotherapy or shoulder injections with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or pure pain-killers during the last month prior to beginning the study; and 4) shoulder pain caused by other diagnosed shoulder disorders. We included patients into the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria strictly applied by 2 experienced experts; when there was disagreement, a third expert was consulted before a final judgment was made. Included patients were separated into the EA group and the control group according the type of conservative treatment applied. To establish the best possible matching of patients in the EA group and control group, propensity score analysis was used with patients matched by factors thought to influence the outcome, including age, sex, BMI, workload, size of lesion, symptom duration, diabetes, smoking, and tear on dominant side. Patients who were unmatched by the propensity score analysis were excluded. We collected all baseline demographic data (Table 1).

Table 1

Characteristics of patients in EA group and control group.

	EA group (n=27)	Control group (n=27)	P-value
Age, years, mean (SD)	53.4 (6.3)	54.5 (7.7)	0.09
Female, n (%)	20 (74)	18 (68)	0.53
BMI, mean (SD)	27.1 (3.2)	27.4 (3.7)	0.44
Workload
Low	18	18	0.23
Moderate	7	6	0.36
Heavy	2	3	0.74
Size of lesion, cm, mean (SD)	2.1 (0.6)	1.9 (0.7)	0.52
Symptoms duration, months, mean (SD)	9 (4)	10 (5)	0.81
Dominant side, n (%)	15 (55)	16 (61)	0.68
Diabetes, n (%)	5 (18)	4 (16)	0.79
Smoking, n (%)	10 (37)	11 (38)	0.57

There were no significant differences between two groups.

Rehabilitation and EA treatment procedure

All participants were treated with conservative treatment. Patients in the control group received rehabilitation only, and patients in the EA group received rehabilitation plus EA treatment. The rehabilitation program included range of motion, flexibility, and strengthening, and was derived from a prospective multicenter study that demonstrated physical therapy was effective in curing atraumatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears [29]. Specifically, range of motion consists of active range of motion, active-assisted motion, active training of scapular muscle, and postural exercises; daily flexibility consists of anterior and posterior shoulder stretching. Rehabilitation was performed 3 times per week for 6 consecutive weeks.

All patients received rehabilitation and the EA group received the same rehabilitation plus EA stimulation. The detailed procedures of EA are described in the STRICTA checklist [30]. All patients in the EA group received an identical procedure. Low-frequency EA treatment was performed 2 times per week with a stimulation frequency of 10 Hz and a current intensity at pulse duration of 200 us for 30 minutes. EA treatment was practiced for 12 sessions over a 6-week period by a licensed senior physiotherapist. In each session, patients in the EA group were required to lie in a lateral decubitus position. The skin in the treatment area was prepared with isopropyl alcohol, as were the sterile single-use needles (40 mm in length, 0.25 mm in diameter, Huatuo®, Suzhou Medical Co., Suzhou, China). After disinfection, patients received acupuncture at 3 local points (LI15 Jian yu, SI9 Jian zhen, and EX-UE12 Jian qian) located around the deltoid muscle and at 1 distal healthy side point (S38 Tiao kou) by inserting the needle intramuscularly to a depth of 20 mm [31]. The locations of each acupoint conformed to the standard defined by the World Health Organization [32]. All needles in the points were twisted approximately 180° clockwise and counterclockwise at increasing frequency from 0.3 to 1 Hz to induce the de qi sensation (a feeling of warmth, tingling, and paresthesia) for 30 seconds. When the patients felt the sensation of de qi in the acupuncture region, the needle handles were attached to the paired electrodes from the SDZ-V electroacupuncture apparatus (Huatuo®, Suzhou Medical Co., Suzhou, China) to start stimulating (LI15 and SI9 were connected to a pair of electrodes, and EX-UE12 and S38 were connected to a pair of electrodes), eliciting light muscular twitching. The rehabilitation program and EA treatment were practiced by the same licensed physiotherapist.

Clinical measurements and follow-up

American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant-Murley score, and visual analog scale (VAS) score were obtained by the senior physiotherapist at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months after treatment.

The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score is a commonly-used system that is appropriate for evaluating the severity of rotator cuff tears. The system focuses equally on self-reported patient assessment of pain (50%) and on self-reported ability to perform activities of daily living (50%). The Constant-Murley scoring is another commonly applied evaluation system that consists of 4 parts: self-reported evaluation of pain (15%), activities of daily living (20%), range of shoulder joint motion (40%), and muscle strength (25%). In both scoring systems, a higher score indicates less pain and better physical function, while lower scores represent more intense pain and worse physical function. The visual analog scale (VAS) is a numerical scale with a maximum of 10 points and is widely used to measure pain intensity. The patients were instructed to subjectively indicate the extent of pain, with higher values indicating more severe pain.

Laboratory examination of SF

We collected and stored SF samples at each visit. Treated shoulder joint SF samples were subjected to ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous aspiration before rehabilitation with EA treatment and at each follow-up. All samples were immediately separated by centrifugation. After debris was removed from samples, and the remaining SF was stored at −80°C until needed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Collection, storage, and measurement were performed using the same protocol. Interleukin (IL) −1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-13 levels were calculated in SF using ELISA kits.

Statistical analysis

All outcome measures were evaluated at baseline before treatment, at 6-week follow-up, and at 6-month follow-up. Data were assessed for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive data are presented as mean±standard deviation (SD). At baseline, chi-squared tests were performed for categorical variables and the unpaired t test was used for continuous variables. The differences in biomarkers levels and functional outcomes within the EA group and control group at various follow-up time-points were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance, while differences between groups were analyzed with the unpaired t test. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between IL-1, IL-6, MMP-1, and MMP-13 levels and the VAS score, CMS, and ASES in all patients. Missing values were managed with a mixed linear model. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Result

Demographic data

Finally, 54 patients (27 in the EA group and 27 in the control group) with rotator cuff tears were matched and recruited into our study. The mean age was 53.4±6.3 years in the EA group and 54.5±7.7 years in the control group. The mean duration of symptoms was 9±4 months in the EA group and 10±5 months in the control group. The mean lesion size was 2.1±0.6 cm in the EA group and 1.9±0.7cm in the control group. Patients in the EA group were classified into 2 stages based on DeOrio and Cofield classification: 14 cases were classified as small lesions and 13 cases were classified as medium lesions. In the control group, DeOrio and Cofield classification showed 12 cases had small lesions and 15 cases had medium lesions. The demographic data of the EA group and control group are documented in Table 1. There were no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, workload, size of lesion, symptoms duration, dominant side, diabetes, smoking status, or DeOrio and Cofield classification between the 2 groups.

Pre- and post-treatment clinical measurements

Table 2 documents the mean baseline and post-treatment scores. There were no significant differences in ASES, Constant-Murley score, or VAS prior to treatment between the 2 groups. After treatment, the EA group showed a greater improvement in clinical measurements and pain compared with the control group, evaluated as differences in ASES, Constant-Murley score, and VAS score after 6 weeks of intervention. ASES and VAS scores changed by 126.9% and 62.5%, respectively, in the EA group contrasted with 61% and 35.3%, respectively, in the control group. Furthermore, the within-group repeated-measures analysis showed significant difference in ASES, Constant-Murley, and VAS scores among the 2 groups at baseline, after 6 weeks, and after 6 months of conservative treatment. The effects were maintained for up to 6 months after start of treatment.

Table 2

Outcome measurements of patients in EA group and control group.

Variables		EA group (n=27)	Control group (n=27)	P-valuea
ASES
Baseline		34.2 (16.5)	36.2 (15.9)	0.392
6-week follow-up		77.6 (19.2)	58.3 (16.4)	0.031*
6-month follow-up		82.5 (14.4)	67.4 (15.7)	0.022*
6-0 weeks differences		−43.4 (18.0)	−22.1 (16.1)
6-0 months differences		−48.3 (15.3)	−31.2 (15.5)
P-valueb		<0.001*	0.001*
P-valuec	6-week	<0.001#	0.004#
(vs. baseline)	6-month	<0.001#	<0.001#
Constant-Murley score
Baseline		41.3 (8.6)	46.4 (9.1)	0.131
6-week follow-up		71.4 (12.3)	63.8 (10.2)	0.031*
6-month follow-up		73.6 (11.6)	71.9 (10.1)	0.902
6-0 weeks differences		−30.1 (10.9)	−17.4 (9.7)
6-0 months differences		−32.3 (10.4)	−25.5 (9.6)
P-valueb		<0.001*	0.021*
P-valuec	6-week	<0.001#	0.043#
(vs. baseline)	6-month	<0.001#	0.019#
VAS
Baseline		6.4 (2.3)	6.8 (1.7)	0.394
6-week follow-up		2.4 (1.2)	4.4 (1.0)	0.012*
6-month follow-up		1.1 (0.5)	2.5 (1.3)	0.029*
6-0 weeks differences		4.0 (1.9)	3.4 (1.5)
6-0 months differences		5.3 (2.1)	4.3 (1.5)
P-valueb		<0.001*	0.026*
P-valuec	6-week	<0.001#	0.031#
(vs. baseline)	6-month	<0.001#	0.017#

Intergroup analysis (unpaired t-test) *P<0.05;

intragroup analysis (repeated measurement analysis of variance) *P<0.05;

intragroup analysis (post hoc tests with the Bonferroni adjustment) # P<0.05.

Pre- and post-treatment SF biomarkers measurements

Figure 1 shows the average biomarker levels measured at different time-points in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups before treatment, but we found significant differences between the EA group and control group following treatment, with biomarker levels being lower at 6-week and 6-month follow-ups.

Figure 1

(A–D) Camparion of biomarker concentrations in synovial fluid at different follow-up time-points between the EA group and control group.

For IL-1β, the average concentration in the EA group was 40.7±31.3 ng/ml at 6-week follow-up and 34.5±22.8 ng/ml at 6-month follow-up. The average concentration in the control group was 68.1±52.4 ng/ml at 6-week follow-up and 52.9±46.1 ng/ml at 6-month follow-up (Figure 1A).

The mean concentrations of IL-6 were significantly higher in the control group (70.4±59.3 ng/ml) than in the EA group (56.2±52.3 ng/ml) at 6-week follow-up, and significant differences remained at 6-month follow-up (32.1±27.5 ng/ml vs. 53.2±42.7 ng/ml) (Figure 1B).

The average concentrations of MMP-1 were significantly different within the EA group and control group at 6-week follow-up (45.6±37.9 ng/ml vs. 68.4±55.3 ng/ml). Subsequently, the results at 6-month follow-up indicated significant differences within the 2 groups (21.2±18.1 ng/ml vs. 44.8±37.7 ng/ml) (Figure 1C);

For MMP-13, the average concentrations in the EA group were 1.9±0.9 ng/ml at 6-week follow-up and 1.4±0.8 ng/ml at 6-month follow-up. The average of concentrations in the control group were 3.2±1.8 ng/ml at 6-week follow-up and 2.5±1.2 ng/ml at 6-month follow-up (Figure 1D).

Correlation of SF inflammatory parameters with functional outcomes

We enrolled all functional outcomes and SF biomarkers throughout the study to analyze the correlations between these data. SF IL-1β levels were significantly negatively correlated with Constant-Murley score (r=−0.73, P=0.04) (Figure 2A; Table 3), ASES score (r=−0.59, P<0.001) (Figure 2B) and positively correlated with VAS scores (r=0.81, P=0.004) (Figure 2C). SF IL-6 levels were significantly negatively correlated with Constant-Murley score (r=−0.67, P=0.03) (Figure 2D) and positively correlated with VAS score (r=0.7, P=0.01) (Figure 2E). SF MMP-1 levels were significantly negatively correlated with ASES score (r=−0.57, P<0.001) (Figure 2F).

Figure 2

(A–D) Correlation of biomarker concentrations in synovial fluid with clinical severity measured by ASES, CMS, and VAS.

Table 3

Correlation between IL-1, IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-13 levels and the VAS score CMS and ASES in all patients.

Variable	VAS score		ASES		CMS
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
IL-1B	0.81	0.004*	−0.59	<.001*	−0.73	0.04*
IL-6	0.7	0.01*	−0.34	0.61	−0.67	0.03*
MMP-1	0.25	0.26	−0.57	<.001*	−0.15	0.33
MMP-13	0.13	0.77	0.09	0.58	−0.19	0.71

P<0.05.

Adverse reactions or complications

There were no serious adverse reactions or complications resulting from the treatment in the 2 groups. Only a few minor adverse events were reported, including temporary ecchymosis due to small-vessel damage (n=2) and transient dizziness (n=3).

Discussion

By 6-month follow-up, we found for the first time that biomarker levels of SF were decreased in patients with rotator cuff tears following conservative treatment. With further research, more significantly, the results showed that SF IL-1β was correlated with functional outcomes and pain intensity in follow-up. These findings suggested that biomarkers in SF were potentially helpful for predicting or curing RCT. In addition, the EA group showed significantly better measured outcomes than the control group for nearly all outcomes (Constant-Murley score, ASES, and VAS) at each follow-up visit, without serious adverse complications. Our results strongly suggest that EA treatment is an effective complementary method for treating rotator cuff tears.

The pathogenesis of rotator cuff tear is still unclear, but some studies have implicated inflammation caused by interleukins [14-16]. A previous study reported that IL-1β and IL-6 are expressed at higher levels in the shoulder joint synovium and subacromial bursa and are associated with more severe pain behaviors in a rat unstabilized rotator cuff defect model [33]. Clinical studies by Siu et al. [34] and Nakama et al. [35] also found that IL-1β and IL-6 levels are significantly correlated with the degree of pain and range of motion. However, other studies found no significant correlations between mean IL-1β and IL-6 levels and symptoms [17,36]. Chaudhury even reported that the gene expression of IL-1 was significantly downregulated in the RCT group [37]. In our opinion, the conflicting results are due to use of different ethnic groups and small sample sizes, especially in cross-sectional studies. For this reason, we designed this long-term follow-up clinical research to better understand how interleukins are involved in the RCT recovery process. Our results demonstrated that IL-1β and IL-6 levels were gradually and significantly decreased at each follow-up time-point and were strongly associated with pain relief and shoulder joint function rehabilitation at 6-month follow-up. Of particular importance, the concentration of IL-1 in synovial fluid was negatively correlated with Constant-Murley score and ASES (r=−0.59, P<0.001; r=−0.73, P=0.04), and IL-1β in SF was positively correlated with VAS (r=0.81, P=0.004). Our results suggest that IL-1β is associated with inflammation-related pain intensity and impaired function in patients with rotator cuff tears.

In addition to interleukins, matrix metalloproteinases are known to participate in degrading various kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagens, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and many others. In musculoskeletal medicine, MMPs are significantly involved in degeneration of the tendon and intervertebral disc, and loosening of hip joint replacements [19]. In previous studies, MMP-1 and MMP-13 were found to be capable of cleaving almost all kinds of collagens, which indicates that MMPs contribute to deterioration of shoulder joint function [20,21]. Previous studies on this topic have several limitations, including very small sample sizes, single-time-point data, and obviously unbalanced sex ratios between the experimental group and control group, which reduce the quality of evidence. Controlled clinical trials with sufficiently long follow-up periods are needed to determine the correlation between MMPs and RCT. Furthermore, several controlled studies of shoulder synovial fluid reported nonsignificant differences in MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 levels in patients with and without RCT [22,23]. The discrepancies among these studies suggest that the role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of RCT requires further research. At 6-month follow-up, we found that MMP-1 was markedly correlated with and shoulder joint motion after treatment, and that the concentration of MMP-1 in SF was negatively associated with ASES (r=−0.57, P<0.001). A lower level of MMP-1 in SF was associated with higher Constant-Murley scores and lower VAS, but the correlation between MMP-1 and these 2 measurements was not significant. As above, levels of MMP-13 were decreased following treatment, accompanied with higher functional scores (ASES and Constant-Murley score) and lower pain intensity. However, there was no significant correlation between scores and MMP-13 levels. Our data suggest that production of MMP-1 is associated with impaired function in patients with rotator cuff tears, and that inhibition of MMPs might be an effective way to treat RCT.

EA has been applied world-wide to cure a variety of diseases and has achieved good results, and increasing evidence shows that EA accelerates the healing process and relieves symptoms in musculoskeletal conditions. In previous studies, EA has achieved good therapeutic effects in fractures, osteoporosis, and tendon injuries [38-40]. For the majority of RCT patients, conservative treatment is preferred due to its safety and effectiveness. The concept of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) has become widely used to promote recovery from diseases, and EA treatment may be an important alternative method for managing RCT. Based on the effectiveness of EA in treating musculoskeletal diseases, we used EA to treat RCT and achieved good results. In our study, there were no serious adverse events resulting from treatment in the EA group; only 2 patients had small-vessel damage and 3 patients had transient dizziness. By 6-week follow-up, both groups had significant improvement of all outcomes (Constant-Murley score, ASES, and VAS) compared to baseline, and the EA group had better treatment effects than in the control group treated by the rehabilitation program alone. Thus, these results consistently suggest that electroacupuncture had a clinically meaningful benefit in improving symptoms and relieving pain in patients with RCT. A previous study showed the positive effects of EA in eliminating inflammation, activating growth factors, and regulating bone metabolism [41]. Wu et al. found that IL-1β and IL-6 levels in SF and cartilage in the EA-treated group were significantly decreased in the OA rat model [42]. Furthermore, Bao et al. found that acupuncture stimulation performs better than medication with Diclofenac cream in reducing the expression of MMP-1 in cartilage [43], and Zhou et al. reported that EA downregulated the expression of MMP-13 [44]. However, there has been little research on the ability of EA to regulate SF biomarkers in tendon tissue. In the present study, we analyzed changes in the levels of biomarkers in SF continuously before and after treatment of EA. The results showed that SF IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-13 levels in the EA group were lower than in the control group at follow-up. These suggest that anti-inflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of EA stimulation treatment for RCT. Therefore, we suggest that EA treatment is effective in relieving pain and improving function by modulating levels of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.

The present study has several limitations. First, it was difficult to obtain a sufficient volume of joint fluid from every patient at every follow-up time-point. Sometimes, we aspirated too little fluid to test, and this sometimes occurred before and after treatment, but we were fortunately able to collect enough data to complete the analysis of the results. Second, this was a single-center study with a relatively small number of patients, leading to limited statistical power, but the results were clear and encouraging. Multicenter or longitudinal studies with larger populations are needed to verify our results. Third, we did not perform post-treatment MRI for every patient and thus were unable to reach a final conclusion about rotator cuff recovery. Last, although we used inclusion and exclusion criteria, this study was retrospective and data and samples were collected before setting up the experiment.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that biomarkers in SF are directly associated with shoulder pain and shoulder function in patients with rotator cuff tear. SF biomarkers may be useful as predictors of RCT patient outcomes. Additionally, EA obviously decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines in RCT, accompanied by a reduction in shoulder pain and improved function. This evidence shows that electroacupuncture is a safe and effective conservative therapy, but more research is needed to provide more detailed information on the effect of EA on RCT healing.