Rational collaborative ablation of bacterial biofilms ignited by physical cavitation and concurrent deep antibiotic release.

Bacteria biofilm has extracellular polymeric substances to protect bacteria from external threats, which is a stubborn problem for human health. Herein, a kind of gasifiable nanodroplet is fabricated to ablate Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilm. Upon NIR pulsed laser irradiation, the nanodroplets can gasify to generate destructive gas shockwave, which further potentiates initial acoustic cavitation effect, thus synergistically disrupting the protective biofilm and killing resident bacteria. More importantly, the gasification can further promote antibiotic release in deep biofilm for residual bacteria eradication. The nanodroplets not only exhibit deep biofilm penetration capacity and high potency to ablate biofilms, but also good biocompatibility without detectable side effects. In vivo mouse implant model indicates that the nanodroplets can accumulate at the S. aureus infected implant sites. Upon pulsed laser treatment, the nanodroplets efficiently eradicate bacteria biofilm in implanted catheter by synergistic contribution of gas shockwave-enhanced cavitation and deep antibiotic release. Current phase changeable nanodroplets with synergistic physical and chemical therapeutic modalities are promising to combat complex bacterial biofilms with drug resistance, which provides an alternative visual angle for biofilm inhibition in biomedicine.