Synergistic and threshold effects of telework and residential location choice on travel time allocation.

Much of the literature shows a great interest in debating whether telework has a complementary or substitution effect on people's travel demand. Relatively fewer studies analyze the modification effect of telework on individuals' activity-travel patterns. This study adopts a novel analytical approach to explore the influences of the duration of telework on sustainable travel. The empirical study builds upon a smartphone-based GPS travel survey conducted in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State. The merit of this research is twofold. We first investigate the threshold effects of the duration of telework and built environment characteristics on the shares of travel time spent riding public transit and engaging in active travel. The results can directly inform telework and land use policies. Then, we examine the synergistic effects of the duration of telework and the built environment on both travel outcomes. The findings suggest well-designed telework provisions could complement compact development policies aimed at shifting from automobile dependency to sustainable travel.