Jeffrey J Hébert1,2, Martin Sénéchal3,4, Timothy Fairchild5, Niels Christian Møller6, Heidi Klakk6,7, Niels Wedderkopp6,8,9. 1. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada. J.Hebert@unb.ca. 2. School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia. J.Hebert@unb.ca. 3. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada. 4. Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada. 5. School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia. 6. Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Exercise Epidemiology, Center for Research in Childhood Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 7. Center for Applied Health Science, University College Lillebælt, Odense, Denmark. 8. The Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Southwestern Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark. 9. Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Describe the trajectories of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and aerobic fitness in children and identify different outcomes of guideline-recommended physical activity (PA) in a subset of active children. METHODS: We recruited students from 10 public primary schools and obtained repeated measures of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness over 30 months. Aerobic fitness was measured with the Andersen test. We objectively measured physical activity behaviour with accelerometers and classified children as 'physically active' when they achieved ≥ 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day (guideline concordance). Univariate trajectories of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness were calculated for all children, and we constructed a multi-trajectory model comprising all outcomes in the subgroup of physically active children. The construct validity of all models was investigated by examining for between-group differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors obtained from fasting blood samples. RESULTS: Data from 1208 children (53% female) with a mean (SD) age of 8.4 (1.4) years were included. The univariate trajectory models identified three distinct trajectories for BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness. The multi-trajectory model classified 9.1% of physically active children as following an 'overweight/obese/low fitness' trajectory. There were moderate-to-large differences in cardiovascular risk factors between all trajectory groups (p < 0.001; d = 0.4-1.20). CONCLUSION: We identified distinct developmental trajectories of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness in children. Nearly one in 10 children who met PA guideline recommendations followed an unfavourable health trajectory. Health-related PA recommendations may be insufficient for some children.
OBJECTIVES: Describe the trajectories of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and aerobic fitness in children and identify different outcomes of guideline-recommended physical activity (PA) in a subset of active children. METHODS: We recruited students from 10 public primary schools and obtained repeated measures of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness over 30 months. Aerobic fitness was measured with the Andersen test. We objectively measured physical activity behaviour with accelerometers and classified children as 'physically active' when they achieved ≥ 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day (guideline concordance). Univariate trajectories of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness were calculated for all children, and we constructed a multi-trajectory model comprising all outcomes in the subgroup of physically active children. The construct validity of all models was investigated by examining for between-group differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors obtained from fasting blood samples. RESULTS: Data from 1208 children (53% female) with a mean (SD) age of 8.4 (1.4) years were included. The univariate trajectory models identified three distinct trajectories for BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness. The multi-trajectory model classified 9.1% of physically active children as following an 'overweight/obese/low fitness' trajectory. There were moderate-to-large differences in cardiovascular risk factors between all trajectory groups (p < 0.001; d = 0.4-1.20). CONCLUSION: We identified distinct developmental trajectories of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness in children. Nearly one in 10 children who met PA guideline recommendations followed an unfavourable health trajectory. Health-related PA recommendations may be insufficient for some children.
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