Kuniyoshi Toyoshima1, Takeshi Inoue2, Jiro Masuya2, Yota Fujimura2, Shinji Higashi3, Ichiro Kusumi4. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: toyoshima@med.hokudai.ac.jp. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Correlations between depressive symptoms and affective temperaments or quality of childhood parenting have been investigated previously; however, how childhood parenting and affective temperaments affect cognitive complaints remains unknown. Thus, we evaluated correlations among childhood parenting, affective temperaments, depressive symptoms, and cognitive complaints in adults. METHODS: Participants (N = 490) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire version (TEMPS-A), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Cognitive Complaints in Bipolar Disorder Rating Assessment (COBRA). Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling were performed to evaluate scale correlations. RESULTS: As per structural equation modeling, the direct effect of PHQ-9 and four subscales (cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, and anxious temperament) of TEMPS-A on COBRA were significant; the indirect effect of the four subscales of TEMPS-A on COBRA via PHQ-9 was significant; the direct effect of the three subscales (paternal care, maternal care, and maternal overprotection) of PBI on PHQ-9 and four subscales of TEMPS-A were significant; the indirect effect of the three subscales of PBI on PHQ-9 via the four subscales of TEMPS-A was significant. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional designs cannot identify causal relationships between parameters. As participants were adult volunteers from the community, results may not be generalizable to individuals with psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood parenting affects cognitive complaints indirectly via affective temperaments and depressive symptoms in adult community volunteers. An important role of affective temperaments and depressive symptoms in the effects of childhood parenting on cognitive complaints is suggested.
BACKGROUND: Correlations between depressive symptoms and affective temperaments or quality of childhood parenting have been investigated previously; however, how childhood parenting and affective temperaments affect cognitive complaints remains unknown. Thus, we evaluated correlations among childhood parenting, affective temperaments, depressive symptoms, and cognitive complaints in adults. METHODS:Participants (N = 490) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire version (TEMPS-A), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Cognitive Complaints in Bipolar Disorder Rating Assessment (COBRA). Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling were performed to evaluate scale correlations. RESULTS: As per structural equation modeling, the direct effect of PHQ-9 and four subscales (cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, and anxious temperament) of TEMPS-A on COBRA were significant; the indirect effect of the four subscales of TEMPS-A on COBRA via PHQ-9 was significant; the direct effect of the three subscales (paternal care, maternal care, and maternal overprotection) of PBI on PHQ-9 and four subscales of TEMPS-A were significant; the indirect effect of the three subscales of PBI on PHQ-9 via the four subscales of TEMPS-A was significant. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional designs cannot identify causal relationships between parameters. As participants were adult volunteers from the community, results may not be generalizable to individuals with psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood parenting affects cognitive complaints indirectly via affective temperaments and depressive symptoms in adult community volunteers. An important role of affective temperaments and depressive symptoms in the effects of childhood parenting on cognitive complaints is suggested.