Diapolycopenedioic-acid-diglucosyl ester and keto-myxocoxanthin glucoside ester: Novel carotenoids derived from Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01 and evaluation of their anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.

Inflammation is pivotal for the development of gastrointestinal cancer and linked to poor survival and limited therapeutic options. In this study, six structurally different carotenoids were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract of Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01 namely lycopene (Car-I), diapolycopenedioic-acid-diglucosyl-ester (Car-II), β-carotene (Car-III), zeaxanthin (Car-IV), astaxanthin (Car-V), and keto-myxocoxanthin glucoside-ester (Car-VI). Further, their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials were evaluated. The MTT assay was used to determine the effect of carotenoids on viability of colorectal cancer (HT-29) as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results revealed that all the six carotenoids were demonstrated a significant inhibition of HT-29 cells viability in a dose-dependent manner whereas there was no cytotoxic effect in PBMCs. The study also recorded that six carotenoids considerably inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and lipid peroxidation in PBMCs. Moreover, antioxidant potentials of Car-II and Car-VI were significantly (p = 0.001) higher than ascorbic acid as determined by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Therefore, our results ascertained the role of carotenoids derived from E. acetylicum S01 in developing potential therapeutic agents for inflammation-associated cancer.