Setho Hadisuyatmana1, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has2, Susy Katikana Sebayang3, Ferry Efendi4, Erni Astutik5, Heri Kuswanto6, I Komang Leo Triandana Arizona7. 1. Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jln, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Australia. Electronic address: Setho.h@fkp.unair.ac.id. 2. Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jln, Indonesia. Electronic address: eka.m.has@fkp.unair.ac.id. 3. Research Group for Health and Wellbeing of Women and Children, Departement of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Indonesia. Electronic address: sksebayang@fkm.unair.ac.id. 4. Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jln, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Australia. Electronic address: ferry-e@fkp.unair.ac.id. 5. Research Group for Health and Wellbeing of Women and Children, Departement of Epidemiology, Indonesia. Electronic address: erniastutik@fkm.unair.ac.id. 6. Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia. Electronic address: heri_k@statistika.its.ac.id. 7. Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jln, Indonesia. Electronic address: i.komang.leo.triandana-2017@fkp.unair.ac.id.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), the immediate provision of mothers' breast milk to infants within the first hour of life, has been recommended by the WHO. However, EIBF is not widely practiced, thereby increasing infant mortality risk. This review explored the available and published studies that identified interventions that empower mothers to practice EIBF. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review to answer the aforementioned aims. Empowerment, Women, Breastfeed, and Initiation were used as initial keywords, which were further developed using Medical Subject Headings by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Five databases, namely: Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCO, ProQuest, and MedLine via PubMed, were searched for potential articles. We also searched the references in addition to the main search. FINDINGS: We included 28 articles in this review. Education was mostly used as women's empowerment indicator in EIBF intervention. Additionally, we identified barriers (C-section and postoperative pain, lactation problems and pregnancy complications, mothers' social and demographic factors, mothers' lack of professional support, babies' condition preventing EIBF) and facilitators (mothers' positive behavior in relation to educational level, completion of antenatal care, poor economic situations of mothers, babies' size at birth) of EIBF. DISCUSSION: Education is the widely used intervention to promote mothers' participation in improving EIBF rate. Furthermore, mothers' and babies' deferring conditions and traditional practices are barriers for EIBF. This review recommends future research and empowerment efforts that sensitively address the identified barriers.
INTRODUCTION: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), the immediate provision of mothers' breast milk to infants within the first hour of life, has been recommended by the WHO. However, EIBF is not widely practiced, thereby increasing infant mortality risk. This review explored the available and published studies that identified interventions that empower mothers to practice EIBF. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review to answer the aforementioned aims. Empowerment, Women, Breastfeed, and Initiation were used as initial keywords, which were further developed using Medical Subject Headings by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Five databases, namely: Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCO, ProQuest, and MedLine via PubMed, were searched for potential articles. We also searched the references in addition to the main search. FINDINGS: We included 28 articles in this review. Education was mostly used as women's empowerment indicator in EIBF intervention. Additionally, we identified barriers (C-section and postoperative pain, lactation problems and pregnancy complications, mothers' social and demographic factors, mothers' lack of professional support, babies' condition preventing EIBF) and facilitators (mothers' positive behavior in relation to educational level, completion of antenatal care, poor economic situations of mothers, babies' size at birth) of EIBF. DISCUSSION: Education is the widely used intervention to promote mothers' participation in improving EIBF rate. Furthermore, mothers' and babies' deferring conditions and traditional practices are barriers for EIBF. This review recommends future research and empowerment efforts that sensitively address the identified barriers.