Kazuki Sawamoto1, J Víctor Álvarez1, Angélica María Herreño1, Francisco J Otero-Espinar2, Maria L Couce3, Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz4, Shunji Tomatsu5,6,7,8. 1. Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA. 2. Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 3. Department of CC Foren. An. Pat, Gin. and Obst. and Paed. Neonatology Service, Metabolic Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 4. Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia. 5. Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA. stomatsu@nemours.org. 6. Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. stomatsu@nemours.org. 7. Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. stomatsu@nemours.org. 8. Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE, 19899-0269, USA. stomatsu@nemours.org.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The skeletal system provides an important role to support body structure and protect organs. The complexity of its architecture and components makes it challenging to deliver the right amount of the drug into bone regions, particularly avascular cartilage lesions. In this review, we describe the recent advance of bone-targeting methods using bisphosphonates, polymeric oligopeptides, and nanoparticles on osteoporosis and rare skeletal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a primary matrix of bone mineral that includes a high concentration of positively charged calcium ion and is found only in the bone. This unique feature makes HA a general targeting moiety to the entire skeletal system. We have applied bone-targeting strategy using acidic amino acid oligopeptides into lysosomal enzymes, demonstrating the effects of bone-targeting enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy on bone and cartilage lesions in inherited skeletal disorders. Virus or no-virus gene therapy using techniques of engineered capsid or nanomedicine has been studied preclinically for skeletal diseases. Efficient drug delivery into bone lesions remains an unmet challenge in clinical practice. Bone-targeting therapies based on gene transfer can be potential as new candidates for skeletal diseases.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The skeletal system provides an important role to support body structure and protect organs. The complexity of its architecture and components makes it challenging to deliver the right amount of the drug into bone regions, particularly pan class="Disease">avascular cartilage lesions. In this review, we describe the recent advance of bone-targeting methods using bisphosphonates, polymeric oligopeptides, and nanoparticles on osteoporosis and rare skeletal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS:Hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a primary matrix of bone mineral that includes a high concentration of positively charged calcium ion and is found only in the bone. This unique feature makes HA a general targeting moiety to the entire skeletal system. We have applied bone-targeting strategy using acidic amino acid oligopeptides into lysosomal enzymes, demonstrating the effects of bone-targeting enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy on bone and cartilage lesions in inherited skeletal disorders. Virus or no-virus gene therapy using techniques of engineered capsid or nanomedicine has been studied preclinically for skeletal diseases. Efficient drug delivery into bone lesions remains an unmet challenge in clinical practice. Bone-targeting therapies based on gene transfer can be potential as new candidates for skeletal diseases.
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