Minjung Kho1, Jennifer A Smith1,2, Niek Verweij3, Lulu Shang4, Kathleen A Ryan5, Wei Zhao1, Erin B Ware2, Ron T Gansevoort6, Marguerite R Irvin7, Jung Eun Lee8, Stephen T Turner9, Joohon Sung10,11, Pim van der Harst3, Donna K Arnett12, Ana Baylin1,13, Sung Kyun Park1,14, Young Ah Seo13, Kristen M Kelly1, Yen Pei C Chang5, Xiang Zhou4, John C Lieske9,15, Sharon L R Kardia1. 1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 2. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 3. Department of Cardiology, Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 4. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 5. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. 6. Department of Nephrology, Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 7. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. 8. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 9. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. 10. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 11. Institute of Environment and Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 12. College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. 13. Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 14. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 15. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Excess sodium intake and insufficient potassium intake are risk factors for hypertension, but there is limited knowledge regarding genetic factors that influence intake. Twenty-hour or half-day urine samples provide robust estimates of sodium and potassium intake, outperforming other measures such as spot urine samples and dietary self-reporting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate genomic regions associated with sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium-to-potassium ratio measured from 24-h or half-day urine samples. METHODS: Using samples of European ancestry (mean age: 54.2 y; 52.3% women), we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 4 cohorts with 24-h or half-day urine samples (n = 6,519), followed by gene-based analysis. Suggestive loci (P < 10-6) were examined in additional European (n = 844), African (n = 1,246), and Asian (n = 2,475) ancestry samples. RESULTS: We found suggestive loci (P < 10-6) for all 3 traits, including 7 for 24-h sodium excretion, 4 for 24-h potassium excretion, and 4 for sodium-to-potassium ratio. The most significant locus was rs77958157 near cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide (CARTPT) , a gene involved in eating behavior and appetite regulation (P = 2.3 × 10-8 with sodium-to-potassium ratio). Two suggestive loci were replicated in additional samples: for sodium excretion, rs12094702 near zinc finger SWIM-type containing 5 (ZSWIM5) was replicated in the Asian ancestry sample reaching Bonferroni-corrected significance (P = 0.007), and for potassium excretion rs34473523 near sodium leak channel (NALCN) was associated at a nominal P value with potassium excretion both in European (P = 0.043) and African (P = 0.043) ancestry cohorts. Gene-based tests identified 1 significant gene for sodium excretion, CDC42 small effector 1 (CDC42SE1), which is associated with blood pressure regulation. CONCLUSIONS: We identified multiple suggestive loci for sodium and potassium intake near genes associated with eating behavior, nervous system development and function, and blood pressure regulation in individuals of European ancestry. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and to provide insight into the underlying genetic mechanisms by which these genomic regions influence sodium and potassium intake.
BACKGROUND: Excess sodium intake and insufficient potassium intake are risk factors for hypertension, but there is limited knowledge regarding genetic factors that influence intake. Twenty-hour or half-day urine samples provide robust estimates of sodium and potassium intake, outperforming other measures such as spot urine samples and dietary self-reporting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate genomic regions associated with sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium-to-potassium ratio measured from 24-h or half-day urine samples. METHODS: Using samples of European ancestry (mean age: 54.2 y; 52.3% women), we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 4 cohorts with 24-h or half-day urine samples (n = 6,519), followed by gene-based analysis. Suggestive loci (P < 10-6) were examined in additional European (n = 844), African (n = 1,246), and Asian (n = 2,475) ancestry samples. RESULTS: We found suggestive loci (P < 10-6) for all 3 traits, including 7 for 24-h sodium excretion, 4 for 24-h potassium excretion, and 4 for sodium-to-potassium ratio. The most significant locus was rs77958157 near cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide (CARTPT) , a gene involved in eating behavior and appetite regulation (P = 2.3 × 10-8 with sodium-to-potassium ratio). Two suggestive loci were replicated in additional samples: for sodium excretion, rs12094702 near zinc finger SWIM-type containing 5 (ZSWIM5) was replicated in the Asian ancestry sample reaching Bonferroni-corrected significance (P = 0.007), and for potassium excretion rs34473523 near sodium leak channel (NALCN) was associated at a nominal P value with potassium excretion both in European (P = 0.043) and African (P = 0.043) ancestry cohorts. Gene-based tests identified 1 significant gene for sodium excretion, CDC42 small effector 1 (CDC42SE1), which is associated with blood pressure regulation. CONCLUSIONS: We identified multiple suggestive loci for sodium and potassium intake near genes associated with eating behavior, nervous system development and function, and blood pressure regulation in individuals of European ancestry. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and to provide insight into the underlying genetic mechanisms by which these genomic regions influence sodium and potassium intake.
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