Constructive confrontation and other referral processes.

Constructive confrontation is a workplace strategy used to identify alcoholic employees and motivate them to change their behavior, either with their own resources or with the counseling services provided by employee assistance programs. This paper describes the strategy's use by supervisors, peers, unions, and occupational groups, and it reviews the effectiveness of the evaluation research. The paper concludes with a discussion of "self-referral" in employee assistance.