William V Padula1,2, Hui-Han Chen3, Charles E Phelps4. 1. Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Economics, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. padula@usc.edu. 2. Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, USC Schaeffer Center, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way (VPD), Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. padula@usc.edu. 3. Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 4. Departments of Economics and Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is widely used for health technology assessment; however, concerns exist that cost-utility analysts may suggest higher cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) to compensate for technologies of relatively lower value. OBJECTIVE: We explored whether selection of a CUA study's CET was endogenous to estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). METHODS: We systematically reviewed the US cost-effectiveness literature between 2000 and 2017 where studies with explicit CET and ICERs were included. We classified the ratio of studies hypothesized to analyze cost-effective technologies at low CETs (i.e., less than $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]) vs higher CETs (i.e., $100,000-$150,000/QALY) relative to their ICER, using a Chi square test to examine whether technologies that were cost effective at high CETs would still be cost effective at lower thresholds. We also performed fixed-effects linear regression exploring the associations between ICERs and reported CETs over time. RESULTS: Among 317 ICERs reviewed: (A) 185 had an ICER < $50,000/QALY; (B) 53 had $50,000 ≤ ICER, < $100,000; (C) 20 had $100,000 ≤ ICER < $150,000; and (D) 59 had an ICER ≥ $150,000. Chi square testing showed a strong association (p < 0.001) between estimated ICER values and chosen CET, illustrating a lack of independence between the two. The regression analysis indicated that CETs have a baseline value of $52,000 and grow by $0.37 for each dollar increase in the estimated ICER. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effectiveness thresholds represent the hypothesis tests of typical CUAs. Our analysis highlights that most CUAs that cite high CETs also result in greater ICERs for the novel interventions that they investigate; thus, these interventions would otherwise not have been cost effective at lower CETs. Selection of a CET may come after the ICER is calculated to infer value that suits a hypothesis.
BACKGROUND: Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is widely used for health technology assessment; however, concerns exist that cost-utility analysts may suggest higher cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) to compensate for technologies of relatively lower value. OBJECTIVE: We explored whether selection of a CUA study's CET was endogenous to estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). METHODS: We systematically reviewed the US cost-effectiveness literature between 2000 and 2017 where studies with explicit CET and ICERs were included. We classified the ratio of studies hypothesized to analyze cost-effective technologies at low CETs (i.e., less than $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]) vs higher CETs (i.e., $100,000-$150,000/QALY) relative to their ICER, using a Chi square test to examine whether technologies that were cost effective at high CETs would still be cost effective at lower thresholds. We also performed fixed-effects linear regression exploring the associations between ICERs and reported CETs over time. RESULTS: Among 317 ICERs reviewed: (A) 185 had an ICER < $50,000/QALY; (B) 53 had $50,000 ≤ ICER, < $100,000; (C) 20 had $100,000 ≤ ICER < $150,000; and (D) 59 had an ICER ≥ $150,000. Chi square testing showed a strong association (p < 0.001) between estimated ICER values and chosen CET, illustrating a lack of independence between the two. The regression analysis indicated that CETs have a baseline value of $52,000 and grow by $0.37 for each dollar increase in the estimated ICER. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effectiveness thresholds represent the hypothesis tests of typical CUAs. Our analysis highlights that most CUAs that cite high CETs also result in greater ICERs for the novel interventions that they investigate; thus, these interventions would otherwise not have been cost effective at lower CETs. Selection of a CET may come after the ICER is calculated to infer value that suits a hypothesis.
Authors: Manushi Sharma; Renu John; Sadia Afrin; Xinyi Zhang; Tengyi Wang; Maoyi Tian; Kirti Sundar Sahu; Robert Mash; Devarsetty Praveen; K M Saif-Ur-Rahman Journal: Front Public Health Date: 2022-03-08