Katrine L Rasmussen1,2, Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen1,2,3,4, Børge G Nordestgaard2,3,4,5, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt1,2,4. 1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2. Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark. 3. Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark. 4. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The mechanism behind the strong association between the ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease is not well-characterized. Because low plasma levels of apoE associate with risk of dementia, genetic variants altering apoE levels in general may also associate with dementia. METHODS: The APOE gene was sequenced in 10,369 individuals, and nine amino acid-changing variants with frequencies ≥2/10,000 were further genotyped in 95,228 individuals. Plasma apoE levels were measured directly. RESULTS: Risk of all dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased with decreasing genetically determined apoE levels (P = 5 × 10-4 and P = 1 × 10-4 after APOE ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 adjustment). Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all dementia and AD were 2.76 (1.39 to 5.47) and 4.92 (2.36 to 10.29) for the group with the genetically lowest apoE versus ɛ33. DISCUSSION: We found that genetically low apoE levels increase and genetically high levels decrease risk, beyond ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4. This underscores that dementia risk more likely relates to variants affecting levels of apoE.
INTRODUCTION: The mechanism behind the strong association between the ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease is not well-characterized. Because low plasma levels of apoE associate with risk of dementia, genetic variants altering apoE levels in general may also associate with dementia. METHODS: The APOE gene was sequenced in 10,369 individuals, and nine amino acid-changing variants with frequencies ≥2/10,000 were further genotyped in 95,228 individuals. Plasma apoE levels were measured directly. RESULTS: Risk of all dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased with decreasing genetically determined apoE levels (P = 5 × 10-4 and P = 1 × 10-4 after APOE ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 adjustment). Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all dementia and AD were 2.76 (1.39 to 5.47) and 4.92 (2.36 to 10.29) for the group with the genetically lowest apoE versus ɛ33. DISCUSSION: We found that genetically low apoE levels increase and genetically high levels decrease risk, beyond ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4. This underscores that dementia risk more likely relates to variants affecting levels of apoE.
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