Can Prompt Endoscopic Vitrectomy in Post-Trauma Endophthalmitis with Corneal Edema Avoid Unnecessary Keratoplasties?

OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of prompt endoscopic vitrectomy in eyes with post-trauma endophthalmitis and hazy cornea.
METHODS: Retrospective consecutive interventional case series. Cases of endophthalmitis with hazy cornea which underwent prompt endoscopic vitrectomy were analyzed. The study period was from August 2018 to April 2019. The final anatomic and functional outcomes are reported here.
RESULTS: Four eyes of four patients were included. Mean age at presentation was 24.50±21.29 years (median 24 years). All cases were post-open globe injury. Microbiology showed smear positivity in 3/4 (75%) and culture positivity in 2/4 (50%). The antibiotic susceptibility was 100% for vancomycin and ceftazidime. Mean follow-up was 7.75±1.7 months (median 7.5 months). Favorable anatomic outcome was seen in 100% of cases and favorable functional outcome in 75% cases.
CONCLUSION: Endoscopic vitrectomy allows for early intervention in endophthalmitis post open-globe injuries. This enables early resolution of infection and avoids a need for unnecessary corneal interventions.

Introduction

Endophthalmitis secondary to open-globe injury is one of the most devastating and vision-threatening complications. It accounts for 25–30% of cases of infectious endophthalmitis.1 Risk factors include presence of intraocular foreign body (IOFB), delayed wound closure, lens rupture, and trauma with contaminated objects.2,3 Gram-positive cocci are the commonest causative organisms in post traumatic endophthalmitis however Bacillus spp., fungi and mixed infections are also reported.4,5 In endophthalmitis following open globe injury the surgical view is compromised due to corneal edema, keratitis and hyphema precluding the possibility of an adequate and effective vitrectomy. Ophthalmic endoscope helps overcome this difficulty and bypass the hazy anterior segment, thus allowing access to the vitreous cavity.6 In the current communication, we describe a series of cases of endophthalmitis following open-globe injury with hazy corneas, managed with prompt endoscopic vitrectomy.

Methods

Study Design

This was a retrospective consecutive interventional case series managed at a tertiary care center (LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India). All patients were Indians. Appropriate Institutional Review Board approval was given by the LV Prasad Eye Institute Ethics Committee. Medical records of all patients with endophthalmitis following open-globe injury who underwent prompt endoscopic vitrectomy between August 2018 and April 2019 were analyzed. All patients provided a written informed consent for the case details and images to be published. For underage patients, parents provided the written informed consent.

Methodology

All patients underwent primary globe repair followed by prompt endoscopic vitrectomy within 48–72 hours. Intravitreal vancomycin (1 mg/0.1 mL) (Ledovanc, Celon Laboratories, India) and ceftazidime (2.25 mg/mL) (Ceftaz, Cipla ltd, India) was administered to all patients at the first intervention. Injections were repeated after 48 hours based on the smear and culture report. Basic microbiological profile (Calcofluor white, Gram stain, Giemsa stain) and culture was taken from the vitreous samples. Based on the culture reports and clinical condition, the course of management and further interventions were decided by the treating physician. Anatomic and functional outcomes were evaluated at the last visit. A favorable anatomic outcome was defined as preservation of the globe, attached retina and absence of hypotony at the last visit. Favorable functional outcome was defined as BCVA ≥20/400 at the last visit.7–9

Technique of Endoscopy

Endoscopy was done using the 20/23G endoscope (E2 Laser and Endoscopy System; EndoOptiks, Inc, Little Silver, NJ, USA) with light and video dual function. The E2 Ophthalmic Laser Endoscopy system console uniquely combines endoscopic imaging and laser treatment capability.

The console houses a high resolution video camera, 175 or 300 watt xenon light source and an 810 nm diode laser. The endoscope provides a wide field image allowing a panoramic intraocular view of the entire retina or a close up (down to 0.75 mm) highly magnified view of the pathology. The in-built video adapter offers optimum and manual focus of the endoscopic image. The 810 nm laser filters are installed in all models and a 532 nm laser option is available. The resolution of the 20G camera is 10,000 pixels while that of the 23G camera is 6000 pixels. The surgical steps included sterile draping of the eye followed by creating two superior sclerotomies and one inferotemporal sclerotomy as per the surgeon’s preference for a standard three port vitrectomy surgery. The endoscope was then maneuvered to the mid-pupillary retro-lental location and position confirmed on the television monitor. The vitrector was then furthered towards the endoscope to position it in the vitreous cavity. Vitrectomy was performed under endoscopic visualization. A thorough vitrectomy to the extent possible was attempted. The end point of surgery was taken as visibility of the disc and the retina. Wherever possible an attempt was made to induce posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). If a strong adherence was noted on the induction, PVD induction was avoided ().

Results

Four eyes of four patients who were diagnosed as traumatic endophthalmitis and hazy corneas were managed with prompt endoscopic vitrectomy. Two males and two females were included in the study. Mean age at presentation was 24.50±21.29 years (median 24 years) (Table 1). At presentation the vision varied from perception of light to counting fingers close to the face. Two eyes had hazy anterior segment media due to a repaired corneal tear and concurrent corneal edema, one eye had a repaired corneal tear with keratitis and one eye had dense corneal edema in the visual axis. Mean follow up was 7.75±1.7 months (median 7.5 months). All cases showed resolution of corneal infection and edema in the follow-up period with near total corneal clarity. At the last follow up all patients had good anatomical outcome and three eyes (75%) had good functional outcome (Figure 1). Three (75%) samples showed smear positivity and two samples (50%) showed culture positivity. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloaceae were isolated from one patient sample each whereas two patient samples did not reveal any organism. Sensitivity for vancomycin and ceftazidime was 100%. One patient has a concurrent traumatic cataract and required lensectomy. The patients where the isolation was Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloaceae received silicone oil injection in view of the anti-microbial properties of silicone oil.10

Table 1

Demographic and Clinical Data of Cases with Traumatic Endophthalmitis and Opaque Cornea

S. No	1	2	3	4
Gender	F	M	M	F
Age (years)	10	38	47	3
Visual acuity at presentation	HM	CFCF	PL	Not fixating to light
Anterior chamber findings	Hypopyon	No view	Fibrin and cells	Hypopyon
Interval between start of symptoms and presentation	1 day	1 day	4 days	4 days
Cause of poor visualization	Repaired corneal tear with edema	Repaired corneal tear with edema	Repaired corneal tear with edema	Stromal edema in the visual axis with edema
Procedure performed	Endoscopic PPV+SOI+IOAB	Endoscopic PPV+IOAB	Endoscopic PPV+PPL+IOAB	Endoscopic PPV +EL+SOI+IOAB
Smear	Gram positive bacilli	Gram positive cocci	No organism	Gram positive cocci
Culture	Enterobacter cloacae	No organism	No organism	Streptococcus pneumoniae
Follow up (months)	7	8	10	6
Total no of interventions including IOAB	5	6	4	3
Final visual acuity	20/40	20/100	20/500	Following objects at 3 meter distance
Final anatomic outcome	Favorable	Favorable	Favorable	Favorable
Final visual outcome	Favorable	Favorable	Unfavorable	NA
Cause of final low vision (if any)	Corneal scar	Secondary glaucoma	Corneal scar	Corneal scar
Further visual potential	Y	Y	Y	NA

Abbreviations: PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; PPL, pars plana lensectomy; SOI, silicone oil injection; IOAB, intraocular antibiotic; EL, endolaser.

Figure 1

(A) External photo showing repaired corneal tear with infiltrate causing corneal opacity. (B) B scan ultrasound showing vitreous cavity filled with echoes suggestive of endophthalmitis. (C) Endoscopic photo showing vitreous cutter clearing the dense exudates. (D) Slit lamp photo at 3-month follow-up visit showing resolved infiltrate and clear cornea. (E) Fundus photo at 3-month follow-up visit showing attached retina with resolved inflammation in the vitreous cavity.

Patient 1

This was a 10-year-old female with history of injury to the right eye with a wire a week previously. The patient was diagnosed to have a corneal tear elsewhere and subsequently underwent a corneal tear repair. At the visit to our clinic, the presenting vision was hand motions close to face. Anterior segment showed hypopyon with aphakia (from the previous surgery) and exudates in the vitreous cavity. The patient underwent a vitreous biopsy initially which at 48 hours showed a growth of Enterobacter cloacae. Following this the patient underwent a prompt endoscopic vitrectomy with intraocular antibiotic injection and silicone oil injection. At the last follow up 5 months post-operative, the endophthalmitis had resolved with a final best corrected visual acuity of 20/40.

Patient 2

This was a 38-year-old male with a history of injury to the right eye with a stick a week earlier. The patient was diagnosed to have a corneal tear elsewhere and underwent a corneal tear repair. At the visit to our clinic, the presenting vision was counting fingers close to face. Anterior segment showed no view due to exudates and B scan confirmed exudates in the vitreous cavity. The patient underwent a prompt endoscopic vitrectomy with intraocular antibiotic injection. At the last follow up 8 month post-operative, the endophthalmitis had resolved with a final best corrected visual acuity of 20/100. The patient developed secondary glaucoma which was controlled with topical anti-glaucoma medications.

Patient 3

The third patient was a 47-year-old male with history of injury to the left eye with a stone. The patient was diagnosed to have a corneal tear elsewhere and subsequently underwent a corneal tear repair locally. At the visit to our clinic, the presenting vision was only perception of light. Anterior segment showed intense fibrin reaction with no view of the posterior segment. B scan ultrasound showed exudates in the vitreous cavity consistent with the diagnosis of endophthalmitis. The patient underwent a prompt endoscopic vitrectomy with intraocular antibiotic injection. At the last follow up 10 months post-operative, the endophthalmitis had resolved with a final best corrected visual acuity of 20/500.

Patient 4

This was a 3-year-old female with history of injury to the left eye with a nail 6 days ago. At the visit to our clinic, the patient was not fixating at the light source. Cornea was edematous with a self-sealed puncture wound paracentrally. Anterior segment showed hypopyon and exudates were noted in the vitreous cavity on B scan ultrasound. The patient underwent a vitreous biopsy initially which at 48 hours showed a growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Following this the patient underwent a prompt endoscopic vitrectomy with intraocular antibiotic injection and silicone oil injection. Two iatrogenic breaks occurred during surgery that underwent endolaser. At the last follow up 6 months post-operative, the endophthalmitis had resolved with a final best corrected visual acuity of counting fingers at 3 meters.

Discussion

The current series demonstrates the application of prompt endoscopic vitrectomy to debulk the vitreous in cases of endophthalmitis following open-globe injuries in the presence of concurrent hazy anterior segment media. Endoscopic approach has advantages over the conventional viewing system. Unlike the conventional viewing system, endoscopic set up gives pristine clarity of view even in the presence of significant or total media opacities. It can by-pass opaque corneas completely to give a view of the retina and help ascertain the pathology in the posterior segment. The retina and intraocular structures can be reached closely to give a highly proximal view of the structures of interest. This helps in better assessment of the disease. Thorpe11 first introduced ophthalmic endoscope for removal of intraocular foreign bodies. It was later employed for various procedures like ciliary body ablation and endophotocoagulation.12,13 Previous studies have described the role of endoscopic vitrectomy in endophthalmitis.14 Our group recently reported the outcomes of endoscopic vitrectomy in 33 cases of endophthalmitis.15

Using a temporary keratoprosthesis for visualization during vitrectomy, followed by immediate penetrating keratoplasty is also described for treating endophthalmitis with opaque media but such an approach would lead to multiple interventions and investment of time and energy.16 However the anatomic and visual outcomes using endoscopy and temporary keratoprosthesis are comparable.17 In addition endoscopy has the advantage of fewer interventions and earlier diagnosis.

In our case series, patients underwent endoscopic vitrectomy due to hazy anterior segment. Three patients had repaired corneal tear in the visual axis with surrounding edema, one patient had a sutured corneal tear at 12 O'clock with diffuse edema which obscured the view to the posterior segment. Following vitrectomy, patients only underwent a repeat intraocular antibiotics (IOAB) if recommended by the physician, the number and frequency were based on the clinical condition and physicians’ discretion. Corneal edema, which necessitated the use of endoscopy decreased after resolution of infection thus improving visual outcome. With a conventional approach, these patients would have to be managed by means of a temporary keratoprosthesis and then would need penetrating keratoplasty. Such an approach would make the patients obligatory post-keratoplasty patients with all the associated requirements of graft care and a life-long risk of graft rejection. Endoscopic approach in this series allowed an opportunity for these eyes to have a natural resolution of the corneal edema and infiltrate, helping to preserve the native cornea and avoid graft-related sequelae.

In the current series all the patients had good anatomical and fair visual outcome. This is despite the fact that all the patients had endophthalmitis due to trauma, both of which are independent risk factors for poor visual acuity. Yang et al18 described 15 eyes of traumatic endophthalmitis that were managed either by conventional technique or open sky vitrectomy. In their series, five patients (33%) retained useful vision at last follow up, five eyes had no light perception and had to be eviscerated. However this series had an additional risk factor for poor visual acuity, ie, retained intraocular foreign body which would explain the outcomes. Nicoara et al19 also described a series of 14 patients with traumatic endophthalmitis managed using conventional technique. Three patients in this series had opaque cornea because vitrectomy was not done and patients were treated with intraocular antibiotics (IOAB) alone.19 All three patients had poor visual outcome and ended up with legal blindness. Our study pertains to this subset of patients where in early vitrectomy circumventing the opaque media can help reduce the infection. Evisceration rates in these studies varied from 7 to 33% as compared to zero in our series. Table 2 compares the result of this study with previous larger studies.

Table 2

Comparative Outcomes of Previous Studies on Traumatic Endophthalmitis

Parameter	Yang et al18	Nicoara et al19	Current Series
Number of eyes	15	14	4
Mean age (years)	41	37	24.5
Male gender (%)	15 (100%)	14 (100%)	2 (50%)
Vision at presentation CFCF or worse	14	11	4
Final vision 20/400 or better	5	11	3
Eyes with NPL	5	1	0
Mean follow up (months)	8.6	6.21	7.75
Culture positivity	8 (53%)	9 (64.2%)	2 (50%)

Abbreviations: CFCF, counting fingers close to face, NPL, no light perception.

Vitrectomy in endophthalmitis parallels a surgical principle “Pus if present must be evacuated.” Early intervention by endoscopy helps in reducing the organism load, containing the infection and prevents subsequent progression to panophthalmitis. This progression, if it occurs, would decrease the likelihood of good visual outcome.20 The limitations of this study are the retrospective design, small sample size, absence of a control group, and treatment by conventional methods. In conclusion, endoscopic vitrectomy allows for early intervention in traumatic endophthalmitis with opaque cornea as it gives access to the vitreous cavity. This allows for early settlement of infection minimizing the need for multiple interventions thus leading to good anatomic and visual outcomes.