BACKGROUND: The method to perform a precise mapping of non-pulmonary vein (PV) triggers has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of self-reference mapping for eliminating non-PV triggers in a large series of patients including the long-term outcomes. METHOD: Among 446 atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures in 431 patients at 2 institutions, we prospectively enrolled patients who had reproducible non-PV triggers. Non-PV triggers from the left atrial posterior wall (LAPW) and superior vena cava (SVC) were excluded. Ablation procedure and long-term clinical outcomes were evaluated. The origin of non-PV triggers were detected using a self-reference mapping technique, which does not require any other reference catheters. Instead of using signals obtained from a fixed intracardiac catheter as the reference, an operator repeatedly moved a multi-electrode catheter to the earliest site creating a new reference each time to map the non-PV trigger. RESULTS: A total of 32 non-PV triggers excluding origins from the LAPW and SVC were induced in 23 patients. All triggers were mapped using a self-reference mapping technique with 11.0 ± 10.2 min and eliminated by radiofrequency ablation with 10.7 ± 10.0 points application. No major complications were observed. During the follow-up (529 ± 270 days), 18 patients (77%) were free from atrial tachyarrhythmias after a 3-month blanking period. Three patients received additional ablation procedures. No non-PV triggers ablated during the previous procedure were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A novel self-reference mapping technique is useful for eliminating non-PV triggers for the short- and long-term outcomes.
BACKGROUND: The method to perform a precise mapping of non-pulmonary vein (PV) triggers has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of self-reference mapping for eliminating non-PV triggers in a large series of patients including the long-term outcomes. METHOD: Among 446 atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures in 431 patients at 2 institutions, we prospectively enrolled patients who had reproducible non-PV triggers. Non-PV triggers from the left atrial posterior wall (LAPW) and superior vena cava (SVC) were excluded. Ablation procedure and long-term clinical outcomes were evaluated. The origin of non-PV triggers were detected using a self-reference mapping technique, which does not require any other reference catheters. Instead of using signals obtained from a fixed intracardiac catheter as the reference, an operator repeatedly moved a multi-electrode catheter to the earliest site creating a new reference each time to map the non-PV trigger. RESULTS: A total of 32 non-PV triggers excluding origins from the LAPW and SVC were induced in 23 patients. All triggers were mapped using a self-reference mapping technique with 11.0 ± 10.2 min and eliminated by radiofrequency ablation with 10.7 ± 10.0 points application. No major complications were observed. During the follow-up (529 ± 270 days), 18 patients (77%) were free from atrial tachyarrhythmias after a 3-month blanking period. Three patients received additional ablation procedures. No non-PV triggers ablated during the previous procedure were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A novel self-reference mapping technique is useful for eliminating non-PV triggers for the short- and long-term outcomes.