Phosphorylated kraft lignin with improved thermal stability.

The low cost, environmental friendliness, and reproducibility of kraft lignin (KL) make it a potential candidate for the development of new green material. The phosphorylation of KL can extend its application as a flame-retardant material. Herein, the phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL) was systematically fabricated in a sustainable process by utilizing a green phosphating reagent, NH4H2PO4, in the presence of urea. The influence of the reaction parameters, i.e., reaction time and temperature, and NH4H2PO4/lignin ratio on the phosphorylation process were investigated. Advanced characterization techniques including 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and XPS confirmed that the phosphorus groups were successfully introduced to lignin molecules. The active phenolic and aliphatic hydroxy groups of kraft lignin underwent a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the phosphate group to generate phosphorylated lignin. Compared with KL, PKL showed excellent thermal stability, and its maximum decomposition temperature was 620 °C compared with 541 °C for KL.