Role of membrane proteins in bacterial synthesis of hyaluronic acid and their potential in industrial production.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan polymer found in various parts of human body and is required for functions like lubrication, water homeostasis etc. Hyaluronic acid is mostly produced industrially by bacterial fermentation for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. This review discusses on the role of membrane proteins involved in synthesis and transport of bacterial HA, since HA is a transmembrane product. The different types of membrane proteins involved, their transcriptional control in wild type bacteria and the expression of those proteins in various recombinant hosts have been discussed. The role of phospholipids and metal ions on membrane proteins activity, HA yield and size of HA have also been discussed. Today with an estimated market of US$ 8.3 billion and which is expected to grow to US$ 15.25 billion in 2026, it is essential to increase the efficiency of the industrial HA production process. So this review also proposes on how those membrane proteins and cellular mechanisms like the transcriptional control can be utilised to develop efficient industrial strains that enhance the yield and size of HA produced.