Luminescence Imaging of Acute Liver Injury by Biodegradable and Biocompatible Nanoprobes.

Liver injury can result in different hepatic diseases such as fatty liver, liver fibrosis, hepatitis, and liver failure, which are mainly responsible for global mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis is critical for the treatment of liver diseases. Herein we report luminescence imaging of neutrophil-mediated acute liver injury, including alcoholic liver injury (ALI) and acute liver failure (ALF). To this purpose, a biodegradable luminescent material was developed by chemical functionalization of a cyclic oligosaccharide, which can be produced into nanoprobes (defined as LaCD NPs). Luminescence of LaCD NPs was dependent on the level of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Correspondingly, activated neutrophils could be specifically imaged by LaCD NPs, and the luminescent signal was positively associated with the neutrophil count. In mouse models of ALI and ALF, LaCD NPs enabled precise quantification and tracking of neutrophils in livers. In both cases, changes in the luminescence intensity are consistent with time-dependent profiles of neutrophils, MPO, and other parameters relevant to the pathogenesis of liver injury. Moreover, the luminescence imaging capacity of LaCD NPs can be additionally improved by surface functionalization with a neutrophil-targeting peptide. In addition, preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated good safety of LaCD NPs. Consequently, LaCD NPs can be further developed as an effective and biocompatible luminescent nanoprobe for in vivo dynamic detection of the development of neutrophil-mediated acute liver injury. It is also promising for diagnosis of other neutrophil-associated liver diseases.