Lobbying Expenditures of the Health Sector During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION

As of June 30, 2020, Congress had enacted six bills authorizing approximately $3 trillion in COVID-19 pandemic relief, representing the largest relief package in US history. The bills allocate funds to federal agencies, health care providers, COVID-19 testing, Medicaid funding, stimulus checks, unemployment benefits, and small business assistance, among other purposes.[1] Prior research has found that health care organizations spend substantial financial resources on influencing legislative outcomes.[2,3] In this study, we examine lobbying efforts of the health sector relative to other sectors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

On July 16, 2020, all quarterly lobbying reports and lobbying registration reports (required any time an organization hires a new lobbying firm) were obtained for the period between Q1 2018 and Q1 2020 from the Senate’s Lobbying Disclosure Database.[4] Based on their primary Standard Industrial Classification Code from Compustat and hand collections for non-Compustat entities,[5] organizations were categorized as health sector and non-health sectors, and the health sector organizations were further divided into 14 segments. Two authors independently categorized non-Compustat organizations and reconciled the results through consensus.

A lobbying report usually includes multiple issues. If an issue description contained “corona,” or “COVID”, or mentions the six bills related to COVID-19, its lobbying amount (amount from the lobbying report divided by the number of issues reported) was identified as related to COVID-19, consistent with the lobbying literature.[6] For robustness, all COVID-19-related issues that also contained variations of “Part D reform” or “surprise billing” (the two subjects commonly mentioned in Q1 2020 health-related lobbying reports) were excluded. COVID-19-related new lobbying registrations were identified similarly. This identification methodology conservatively estimated the lower-bound for COVID-19-related lobbying efforts.

The total and estimated COVID-19-specific lobbying expenditures were aggregated for each organization. The quarterly lobbying expenditures and new lobbying registrations were analyzed for health and non-health sectors. The 30 health care organizations with the highest lobbying expenditures in Q1 2020 were identified.

RESULTS

For both health and non-health sectors, lobbying expenditures and new lobbying registrations were higher in the first quarters than in other quarters from 2018 to 2020, and highest in Q1 2020. In Q1 2020, the health sector spent $248.4 million on lobbying and filed 357 new lobbying registrations, representing 22.7% of all lobbying and 22.6% of all new lobbying registrations, the highest totals and percentages among the nine consecutive quarters (Fig. 1). The health sector lobbying spending increased 10.1% in Q1 2020 while non-health sector increased only 1.2%. The health sector lobbying registrations increased 139.6% while non-health sector increased 63.3%. Based on conservative estimates, the health sector spent $63.0 million on COVID-19 lobbying (24.8% of all COVID-19 lobbying) and filed 138 new lobbying registrations directly related to COVID-19 (21.8% of all COVID-19 lobbying registrations) in Q1 2020.

Figure 1

Lobbying expenditure and new lobbying registrations, Q1 2018–Q1 2020. a Lobbying expenditures. b New lobbying registrations.

Four segments—pharmaceutical (37.5%), hospital (12.7%), health insurance (11.5%), and professional services (9.0%)—accounted for 70.7% of the lobbying expenditures in the health sector. For COVID-19 lobbying, these segments accounted for 64.2% (26.4%, 13.4%, 12.0%, and 12.4%, respectively) of such expenditures. The top 30 health care organizations spent $99.5 million on lobbying in Q1 2020 (40.1% of the health sector total), including $21.6 million for COVID-19 lobbying (34.4% of the health sector total) (Table 1). On average, these 30 organizations spent 55% more on lobbying in Q1 2020 than in Q4 2019. Among them, 16 were in the pharmaceutical segment. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America was the largest spender ($11.5 million) in the health sector.

Table 1

Top 30 Health Care Organizations with the Highest Lobbying Expenditures, Q1 2020

Ranking		Organizations		Lobbying expenditure (in millions)
Q1 2020	Q4 2019	Name	Segment	Q1 2020	Q4 2019	% change	COVID-19
1	1	PhRMA	Pharmaceutical	$ 11.51	$ 8.88	30%	$ 0.43
2	4	American Medical Association	Professional services	$ 6.88	$ 4.20	64%	$ 3.07
3	3	American Hospital Association	Hospital	$ 6.31	$ 6.99	− 10%	$ 0.11
4	2	Blue Cross Blue Shield Companies	Health insurance	$ 5.67	$ 7.28	− 22%	$ 1.43
5	7	Pfizer Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 5.13	$ 3.28	56%	$ 0.30
6	10	Americas Health Insurance Plans	Health insurance	$ 4.05	$ 2.75	47%	$ 2.22
7	8	CVS Corporation	Pharmacy	$ 4.05	$ 2.98	36%	$ 0.59
8	5	Amgen Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 3.93	$ 3.61	9%	$ 0.32
9	44	Novartis International	Pharmaceutical	$ 3.76	$ 1.05	259%	$ 0.58
10	13	Genentech, Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 3.61	$ 2.43	49%	$ 1.05
11	6	Biotechnology Innovation Organization	Pharmaceutical	$ 3.38	$ 3.56	− 5%	$ 2.14
12	32	AbbVie Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 3.32	$ 1.30	155%	$ 0.03
13	16	Gilead Sciences, Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 3.16	$ 2.04	55%	$ 0.61
14	20	Air Medical Group Holdings	Ambulance	$ 2.70	$ 1.81	49%	$ -
15	26	Merck & Co., Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 2.70	$ 1.55	74%	$ 0.60
16	22	Aflac Inc.	Health insurance	$ 2.60	$ 1.77	47%	$ -
17	12	Bayer Corporation	Pharmaceutical	$ 2.57	$ 2.50	3%	$ 0.71
18	23	GE Healthcare	Medical devices	$ 2.56	$ 1.75	46%	$ 0.52
19	11	AdvaMed	Medical devices	$ 2.13	$ 2.63	− 19%	$ 0.90
20	37	Sanofi S.A.	Pharmaceutical	$ 2.12	$ 1.20	77%	$ 0.35
21	17	Johnson and Johnson	Medical devices	$ 2.03	$ 1.94	5%	$ 0.38
22	25	UnitedHealth Group Incorporated	Health insurance	$ 2.01	$ 1.64	23%	$ 0.09
23	27	Horizon Therapeutics PLC	Pharmaceutical	$ 1.82	$ 1.49	22%	$ 0.84
24	19	Fresenius Medical Care	Dialysis	$ 1.82	$ 1.82	0%	$ 1.52
25	63	AstraZeneca plc	Pharmaceutical	$ 1.80	$ 0.71	154%	$ 0.67
26	47	Davita Inc.	Dialysis	$ 1.75	$ 0.99	77%	$ 1.13
27	14	Eli Lilly and Company	Pharmaceutical	$ 1.66	$ 2.18	− 24%	$ 0.17
28	28	Alkermes plc	Pharmaceutical	$ 1.54	$ 1.44	7%	$ 0.04
29	128	Biogen Inc.	Pharmaceutical	$ 1.51	$ 0.34	344%	$ 0.39
30	46	Walgreens Company	Pharmacy	$ 1.51	$ 1.00	51%	$ 0.46
			Total	$ 99.53	$ 77.06	55%a	$ 21.64

PhRMA, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America

a55% is the average of the percentages presented above

DISCUSSION

This study provides new evidence of the health sector’s influence on the US legislative process. The health sector’s lobbying expenditures ($248.4 million) and new lobbying registrations (357) reached 22.7% and 22.6% among all sectors in Q1 2020, surpassing previous eight quarters. These results illustrated the health sector’s increased efforts—in both absolute and relative terms (as compared with non-health sectors)—to influence Congress’ appropriation and allocation of COVID-19 relief.

This study, limited to lobbying expenditures and new lobbying registrations, reflects only a fraction of the industry influence. The COVID-19-specific lobbying expenditures have substantial measurement noise. Due to the varying nature of relief funds, the unavailability of certain allocation details, and the long-term effects accrued by cumulative lobbying efforts, quantifying the consequences of lobbying efforts is beyond the scope of this study and warrants future exploration.