INTRODUCTION: There is increasing evidence linking periodontal infections to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Saliva sampling can reveal information about the host and pathogen interactions that can inform about physiological and pathological brain states. METHODS: A cross-sectional cohort of age-matched participants (78) was segmented according to their chemosensory (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; UPSIT) and cognitive scores (Mini-Mental State Exam; MMSE and clinical dementia rating; CDR). Mid-morning saliva was sampled from each participant and processed for microbiome composition and cytokine analysis. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to unravel specific changes in microbial and immunological signatures and logistic regression analysis (LRA) was employed to identify taxa that varied in abundance among patient groups. RESULTS: Using olfaction we distinguish in the cognitively normal population a segment with high chemosensory scores (CNh, 27) and another segment with chemosensory scores (CNr, 16) as low as mild cognitive impairment (MCI, 21) but higher than the AD group (17). We could identify stage-specific microbial signatures changes but no clearly distinct cytokine profiles. Periodontal pathogen species as Filifactor villosus decline with the increasing severity of AD, whereas opportunistic oral bacteria such as Leptotrichia wadei show a significant enrichment in MCI. CONCLUSIONS: The salivary microbiome indicates stage-dependent changes in oral bacteria favoring opportunistic species at the expense of periodontal bacteria, whereas the inflammatory profiles remain mainly unchanged in the sampled population.
INTRODUCTION: There is increasing evidence linking periodontal infections to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Saliva sampling can reveal information about the host and pathogen interactions that can inform about physiological and pathological brain states. METHODS: A cross-sectional cohort of age-matched participants (78) was segmented according to their chemosensory (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; UPSIT) and cognitive scores (Mini-Mental State Exam; MMSE and clinical dementia rating; CDR). Mid-morning saliva was sampled from each participant and processed for microbiome composition and cytokine analysis. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to unravel specific changes in microbial and immunological signatures and logistic regression analysis (LRA) was employed to identify taxa that varied in abundance among patient groups. RESULTS: Using olfaction we distinguish in the cognitively normal population a segment with high chemosensory scores (CNh, 27) and another segment with chemosensory scores (CNr, 16) as low as mild cognitive impairment (MCI, 21) but higher than the AD group (17). We could identify stage-specific microbial signatures changes but no clearly distinct cytokine profiles. Periodontal pathogen species as Filifactor villosus decline with the increasing severity of AD, whereas opportunistic oral bacteria such as Leptotrichia wadei show a significant enrichment in MCI. CONCLUSIONS: The salivary microbiome indicates stage-dependent changes in oral bacteria favoring opportunistic species at the expense of periodontal bacteria, whereas the inflammatory profiles remain mainly unchanged in the sampled population.
Authors: D P Devanand; Seonjoo Lee; Jennifer Manly; Howard Andrews; Nicole Schupf; Richard L Doty; Yaakov Stern; Laura B Zahodne; Elan D Louis; Richard Mayeux Journal: Neurology Date: 2014-12-03 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: Sebastian Schlafer; Birgit Riep; Ann L Griffen; Annett Petrich; Julia Hübner; Moritz Berning; Anton Friedmann; Ulf B Göbel; Annette Moter Journal: BMC Microbiol Date: 2010-03-01 Impact factor: 3.605
Authors: Weihong Yan; Rolf Apweiler; Brian M Balgley; Pinmanee Boontheung; Jonathan L Bundy; Benjamin J Cargile; Steve Cole; Xueping Fang; Mireya Gonzalez-Begne; Timothy J Griffin; Fred Hagen; Shen Hu; Lawrence E Wolinsky; Cheng S Lee; Daniel Malamud; James E Melvin; Rajasree Menon; Michael Mueller; Renli Qiao; Nelson L Rhodus; Joel R Sevinsky; David States; James L Stephenson; Shawn Than; John R Yates; Weixia Yu; Hongwei Xie; Yongming Xie; Gilbert S Omenn; Joseph A Loo; David T Wong Journal: Proteomics Clin Appl Date: 2009-01-01 Impact factor: 3.494
Authors: Heiko Braak; Irina Alafuzoff; Thomas Arzberger; Hans Kretzschmar; Kelly Del Tredici Journal: Acta Neuropathol Date: 2006-08-12 Impact factor: 17.088
Authors: Michael Lawton; Michele T M Hu; Fahd Baig; Claudio Ruffmann; Eilidh Barron; Diane M A Swallow; Naveed Malek; Katherine A Grosset; Nin Bajaj; Roger A Barker; Nigel Williams; David J Burn; Thomas Foltynie; Huw R Morris; Nicholas W Wood; Margaret T May; Donald G Grosset; Yoav Ben-Shlomo Journal: Parkinsonism Relat Disord Date: 2016-09-25 Impact factor: 4.891
Authors: Stephen S Dominy; Casey Lynch; Florian Ermini; Malgorzata Benedyk; Agata Marczyk; Andrei Konradi; Mai Nguyen; Ursula Haditsch; Debasish Raha; Christina Griffin; Leslie J Holsinger; Shirin Arastu-Kapur; Samer Kaba; Alexander Lee; Mark I Ryder; Barbara Potempa; Piotr Mydel; Annelie Hellvard; Karina Adamowicz; Hatice Hasturk; Glenn D Walker; Eric C Reynolds; Richard L M Faull; Maurice A Curtis; Mike Dragunow; Jan Potempa Journal: Sci Adv Date: 2019-01-23 Impact factor: 14.136