3D printing tissue-mimicking materials for realistic transseptal puncture models.

Applications of additive manufacturing (commonly referred to as 3D printing) in direct fabrication of models for pre-surgical planning, functional testing, and medical training are on the rise. However, one current limitation to the accuracy of models for cardiovascular procedural training is a lack of printable materials that accurately mimic human tissue. Most of the available elastomeric materials lack mechanical properties representative of human tissues. To address the gap, the authors explore the multi-material capability of material jetting additive manufacturing to combine non-curing and photo-curing inks to achieve material properties that more closely replicate human tissues. The authors explore the impact of relative material concentration on tissue-relevant properties from puncture and tensile testing under submerged conditions. Further, the authors demonstrate the ability to mimic the mechanical properties of the fossa ovalis, which proves beneficial for accurately simulating transseptal punctures. A fossa ovalis mimic was printed and assembled within a full patient-specific heart model for validation, where it exhibited accuracy in both mechanical properties and geometry. The explored material combination provides the opportunity to fabricate future medical models that are more realistic and better suited for pre-surgical planning and medical student training. This will ultimately guide safer, more efficient practices.