Simone J M Stoots1, Rob Geraghty2, Guido M Kamphuis1, Enakshee Jamnadass3, Michael M E L Henderickx1, Eugenio Ventimiglia4, Olivier Traxer4, Etienne X Keller5, Vincent DeConinck6, Michele Talso7, Panagiotis Kallidonis8, Esteban Emiliani9, Ewa Bres-Niewada10, Sadaf S Karim3, Angela Picirilli9, Bhaskar K Somani3. 1. Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, United Kingdom. 3. Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom. 4. Department of Urology, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France. 5. Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 6. Department of Urology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium. 7. Department of Urology, ASST Vimercate Hospital, Monza Brianza, Italy. 8. Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece. 9. Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 10. Department of Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract
Introduction: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. As water intake and its mineral content influence stone formation and recurrence, patients and physicians must be aware of the mineral content of drinkable water. We analyzed commercial bottled still water within Europe to assess the variation in its mineral composition across different manufacturers and countries. Materials and Methods: Data on the mineral composition of bottled still water regarding bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate concentration (mg/L) were collected from ten European countries. To collect the data, the two main supermarket chains in each participating country were either visited to check for the ingredient label on bottles or the online shop was consulted through the website of the supermarket in question. Descriptive statistics such as simple boxplots were used to illustrate the variation in mineral content. Results: One hundred eighty-two different commercial water brands were analyzed. Up to a fivefold variation in average concentrations per mineral between countries was observed. For calcium, a wide distribution was found in France and Switzerland compared with other countries with calcium levels ranging from 10.5 to 565 mg/L and 8.4 to 579 mg/L, respectively. By consuming 2 L of water with such high calcium levels, the daily reference intake for calcium is already achieved. Conclusions: The mineral content of bottled still water across Europe varies greatly. For patients with KSD it is important to be aware of the mineral content of the water they drink, as it might influence stone recurrence rates and necessitate alterations of their diet.
Introduction: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. As water intake and its mineral content influence stone formation and recurrence, patients and physicians must be aware of the mineral content of drinkable water. We analyzed commercial bottled still water within Europe to assess the variation in its mineral composition across different manufacturers and countries. Materials and Methods: Data on the mineral composition of bottled still water regarding bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate concentration (mg/L) were collected from ten European countries. To collect the data, the two main supermarket chains in each participating country were either visited to check for the ingredient label on bottles or the online shop was consulted through the website of the supermarket in question. Descriptive statistics such as simple boxplots were used to illustrate the variation in mineral content. Results: One hundred eighty-two different commercial water brands were analyzed. Up to a fivefold variation in average concentrations per mineral between countries was observed. For calcium, a wide distribution was found in France and Switzerland compared with other countries with calcium levels ranging from 10.5 to 565 mg/L and 8.4 to 579 mg/L, respectively. By consuming 2 L of water with such high calcium levels, the daily reference intake for calcium is already achieved. Conclusions: The mineral content of bottled still water across Europe varies greatly. For patients with KSD it is important to be aware of the mineral content of the water they drink, as it might influence stone recurrence rates and necessitate alterations of their diet.
Entities:
Keywords:
kidney stone disease; mineral content; mineral water; still water; urolithiasis
Authors: Simone J M Stoots; Rob Geraghty; Guido M Kamphuis; Enakshee Jamnadass; Michaël M E L Henderickx; Eugenio Ventimiglia; Olivier Traxer; Etienne X Keller; Vincent De Coninck; Michele Talso; Panagiotis Kallidonis; Esteban Emiliani; Ewa Bres-Niewada; Sadaf S Karim; Angela Piccirilli; Athanasios Vagionis; Bhaskar K Somani Journal: Cent European J Urol Date: 2021-02-19
Authors: Simone J M Stoots; Guido M Kamphuis; Rob Geraghty; Liffert Vogt; Michaël M E L Henderickx; B M Zeeshan Hameed; Sufyan Ibrahim; Amelia Pietropaolo; Enakshee Jamnadass; Sahar M Aljumaiah; Saeed B Hamri; Eugenio Ventimiglia; Olivier Traxer; Vineet Gauhar; Etienne X Keller; Vincent De Coninck; Otas Durutovic; Nariman K Gadzhiev; Laurian B Dragos; Tarik Emre Sener; Nick Rukin; Michele Talso; Panagiotis Kallidonis; Esteban Emiliani; Ewa Bres-Niewada; Kymora B Scotland; Naeem Bhojani; Athanasios Vagionis; Angela Piccirilli; Bhaskar K Somani Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2021-06-27 Impact factor: 4.241