William E Copeland1, Iman Alaie2, Ulf Jonsson3, Lilly Shanahan4. 1. University of Vermont, Burlington. Electronic address: william.copeland@med.uvm.edu. 2. Uppsala University, Sweden. 3. Uppsala University, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden. 4. University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Depression is common, impairing, and the leading cause of disease burden in youths. This study aimed to identify the effects of childhood/adolescent depression on a broad range of longer-term outcomes. METHOD: The analysis is based on the prospective, representative Great Smoky Mountains Study of 1,420 participants. Participants were assessed with the structured Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment interview up to 8 times in childhood (age 9-16 years; 6,674 observations; 1993-2000) for DSM-based depressive disorders, associated psychiatric comorbidities, and childhood adversities. Participants were followed up 4 times in adulthood (ages 19, 21, 25, and 30 years; 4,556 observations of 1,336 participants; 1999-2015) with the structured Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment Interview for psychiatric outcomes and functional outcomes. RESULTS: In all, 7.7% of participants met criteria for a depressive disorder in childhood/adolescence. Any childhood/adolescent depression was associated with higher levels of adult anxiety and illicit drug disorders and also with worse health, criminal, and social functioning; these associations persisted when childhood psychiatric comorbidities and adversities were accounted for. No sex-specific patterns were identified. However, timing of depression mattered: individuals with adolescent-onset depression had worse outcomes than those with child-onset. Average depressive symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence were associated with more adverse outcomes. Finally, specialty mental health service use was protective against adult diagnostic outcomes. CONCLUSION: Early depression and especially persistent childhood/adolescent depressive symptoms have robust, lasting associations with adult functioning. Some of these effects may be attenuated by service use.
OBJECTIVE: Depression is common, impairing, and the leading cause of disease burden in youths. This study aimed to identify the effects of childhood/adolescent depression on a broad range of longer-term outcomes. METHOD: The analysis is based on the prospective, representative Great Smoky Mountains Study of 1,420 participants. Participants were assessed with the structured Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment interview up to 8 times in childhood (age 9-16 years; 6,674 observations; 1993-2000) for DSM-based depressive disorders, associated psychiatric comorbidities, and childhood adversities. Participants were followed up 4 times in adulthood (ages 19, 21, 25, and 30 years; 4,556 observations of 1,336 participants; 1999-2015) with the structured Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment Interview for psychiatric outcomes and functional outcomes. RESULTS: In all, 7.7% of participants met criteria for a depressive disorder in childhood/adolescence. Any childhood/adolescent depression was associated with higher levels of adult anxiety and illicit drug disorders and also with worse health, criminal, and social functioning; these associations persisted when childhood psychiatric comorbidities and adversities were accounted for. No sex-specific patterns were identified. However, timing of depression mattered: individuals with adolescent-onset depression had worse outcomes than those with child-onset. Average depressive symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence were associated with more adverse outcomes. Finally, specialty mental health service use was protective against adult diagnostic outcomes. CONCLUSION: Early depression and especially persistent childhood/adolescent depressive symptoms have robust, lasting associations with adult functioning. Some of these effects may be attenuated by service use.
Authors: Iman Alaie; Anna Philipson; Richard Ssegonja; William E Copeland; Mia Ramklint; Hannes Bohman; Ulf Jonsson Journal: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2021-06-25 Impact factor: 4.785
Authors: Tracy Gladstone; Katherine R Buchholz; Marian Fitzgibbon; Linda Schiffer; Miae Lee; Benjamin W Van Voorhees Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-10-22 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Iman Alaie; Richard Ssegonja; Anna Philipson; Anne-Liis von Knorring; Margareta Möller; Lars von Knorring; Mia Ramklint; Hannes Bohman; Inna Feldman; Lars Hagberg; Ulf Jonsson Journal: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Date: 2021-03-14 Impact factor: 4.328
Authors: Deanna M Barch; Meghan Rose Donohue; Nourhan M Elsayed; Kirsten Gilbert; Michael P Harms; Laura Hennefield; Max Herzberg; Sridhar Kandala; Nicole R Karcher; Joshua J Jackson; Katherine R Luking; Brent I Rappaport; Ashley Sanders; Rita Taylor; Rebecca Tillman; Alecia C Vogel; Diana Whalen; Joan L Luby Journal: Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging Date: 2021-07-14