First report of Xiphinema hunaniense Wang & Wu, 1992 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in Vietnam.

For the first time, a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in the Central Highlands of Vietnam discovered a population of Xiphinema hunaniense Wang & Wu, 1992. The Vietnamese population of X. hunaniense is characterized by having an offset lip region, lack of anterior genital branch, vagina directed backward, and a digitate tail. Morphological features and morphometrics of this population are in agreement with the type population of X. hunaniense except for some variations. In addition, molecular characterization of this population and phylogenetic tree of 28S rDNA sequences of the genus are also provided. For the first time, a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in the Central Highlands of Vietnam discovered a population of Xiphinema hunaniense Wang & Wu, 1992. The Vietnamese population of X. hunaniense is characterized by having an offset lip region, lack of anterior genital branch, vagina directed backward, and a digitate tail. Morphological features and morphometrics of this population are in agreement with the type population of X. hunaniense except for some variations. In addition, molecular characterization of this population and phylogenetic tree of 28S rDNA sequences of the genus are also provided.

The genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913, commonly known as dagger nematodes, are migratory ectoparasitic nematodes that damage numerous wild and cultivated plants through direct feeding on the root and transmission of plant viruses (Taylor and Brown, 1997; Perry and Moens, 2013). This genus is distributed worldwide and is divided in two groups, Xiphinema americanum group and non-Xiphinema americanum group, with more than 260 valid species (Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al., 2012). The conserved morphology and overlapping morphometrics of some species groups in the genus Xiphinema make quarantine regulations and protection methods more difficult. Therefore, accurate identification of Xiphinema species using integrate approach is strongly recommended to create a basis for plant pest management.

In Vietnam, eight species of the genus Xiphinema have been reported, however, molecular identification are not available for most of them (Nguyen and Nguyen, 2000), and thus, a higher diversity of Xiphinema spp. is expected in the country with the use of molecular tools. Herein, a population of Xiphinema hunaniense Wang & Wu, 1992 in Vietnam is characterized by the combination of morphological characters and molecular data.

Material and methods

Soil and root samples were collected from the upper 30 cm layer of forest soil in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Nematodes were extracted and permanent slides were made following Nguyen et al. (2019a). Pictures and measurements were recorded using Carl Zeiss Axio Lab. A1 light microscope equipped with a Zeiss Axiocam ERc5s digital camera. For molecular characterization, the 5′-end region of 28S rDNA was amplified using DP391/501 primers (5′-AGCGGAGGAAAAGAAACTAA-3′/5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) following Nguyen et al. (2019b). Forward and reverse sequences were assembled and analyzed using Geneious R11 (Nguyen et al., 2019b, 2019c). The best fit model was chosen using Mega 7 following Nguyen et al. (2019b).

Results and discussion

Measurements

Eight females: L = 2,095 ± 130 (1,947-2,189) µm, V% = 24.7 ± 0.4 (24.2-25), Odontostyle = 126 ± 5 (120-130) µm, Odontophore = 71 ± 1 (70-71) µm, Stylet = 196 ± 6 (190-201) µm, Tail length = 45 ± 1 (44-46) µm, Lip width = 13.6 ± 0.1 (13.5-13.7) µm, Lip height = 5.4 ± 0.2 (5.2-5.6) µm, Pharynx = 359 ± 3 (356-361) µm, Anterior end to guiding ring = 121 ± 7 (114-127) µm, Width at pharyngo-intestinal junction = 44 ± 1 (43-44) µm, Width at mid-body = 46 ± 1 (45-47) µm, Width at anus = 29 ± 2 (27-31) µm, a = 46 ± 2 (43-48), b = 5.8 ± 0.4 (5.4-6.1), c = 46 ± 4 (42-49), c′ = 1.6 ± 0.1 (1.5-1.7).

Remarks

The females of the Vietnamese population of X. hunaniense is characterized by an offset lip region from body contour, lack of anterior genital branch, vagina directed slightly backward, and a digitate tail (Fig. 1). Morphology and morphometrics of this population are highly similar to the type population of X. hunaniense except for smaller a value (43-48 vs 51-57), c value (42-49 vs 53-63), longer stylet (190-201 µm vs 180-187 µm), wider width at pharyngo-intestinal junction (43-44 µm vs 21-23 µm). However, these morphometric variations have been reported from other populations of X. hunaniense (Luc, 1981; Wu et al., 2007; Long et al., 2014). Two 28S rDNA sequences (1 bp difference) of the Vietnamese population of X. hunaniense were obtained, 942 to 944 bp long. These sequences are 98.9 to 99.5% similar (3-8 bp difference) to 28S rDNA sequences of X. hunaniense from other populations. The Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree showed that 28S rDNA sequences of the Vietnamese population of X. hunaniense were placed together with sequences of X. hunaniense from other populations (100% PP) and this group has a sister relationship (73% PP) to the sequences of X. brasiliense (Fig. 2).

Figure 1:

Xiphinema hunaniense from Vietnam. A: entire body; B: Pharyngeal region; C: Vulva region; D: Tail region.

Figure 2:

BI phylogenetic tree generated from 28S rDNA sequences (GTR + G + I model, 1 × 106 generations, 20% Burn-in). Bayesian posterior probabilities (in percentage) are given next to each node. Sequences of X. hunaniense from Vietnam are in bold font.

When it comes to morphology, X. hunaniense is closest to X. radicicola, and therefore, it has been synonymized with X. radicicola by Loof et al. (1996). However, based on the observation of different populations of X. hunaniense and X. radicicola, Robbins and Wang (1998) re-established X. hunaniense as a valid species that was agreed by Zheng and Brown (1999). 28S rDNA sequences of X. hunaniense has a sister relationship to X. brasiliense, but X. hunaniense can be differentiated from X. brasiliense by the moderately offset terminal peg vs distinct peg-shaped tail and X. brasiliense usually has more posterior vulva position. Besides, the 28S rDNA sequences of X. hunaniense from Vietnam were only 87 to 88% similar (84-85 bp difference) to X. brasiliense.

Due to the conserved morphology in some Xiphinema species groups, i.e. X. hunaniense – X. radicicola – X. brasiliense (Zheng and Brown, 1999) or X. americanum group (Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al., 2012), the combination of morphological characters and molecular data is needed to identify Xiphinema species. This is the first report of X. hunaniense in Vietnam with the support of molecular data of 28S rDNA sequences, adding to the total number of nine Xiphinema species in Vietnam, including X. americanum, X. brasiliense, X. brevicolle, X. diffusum, X. elongatum, X. insigne, X. longicaudatum, X. radicicola, and X. hunanie nse.