Species composition and relative abundance of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Romania.

BACKGROUND: Culicoides biting midges are vectors involved in the biological transmission cycle of important animal diseases such as bluetongue and African horse sickness. In Romania, the first outbreaks of bluetongue were reported in 2014, leading to increased activities within the existing entomological surveillance network. The main goals of the surveillance activities were the establishment of the vector free period in relation to animal trade and the identification of Culicoides species involved in the transmission of the pathogen. This study was conducted on the composition and relative abundance of the species belonging to the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in certain regions of Romania and provided the opportunity to update the existing checklist of Culicoides species of this country.
METHODS: The study was conducted in 33 of the 42 administrative units (counties), including a total of 659 catches, in 102 locations. The collections were carried out with UV blacklight suction traps (OVI type). The collected insects were preserved in 70% ethanol. Morphological insect identification was carried out using a stereomicroscope, according to established identification keys. In ten localities the relative abundance of the cryptic species of the Obsoletus complex was determined by multiplex PCR assay based on the ITS2 segment. The identification of the Culicoides chiopterus (Meigen) species by morphological examination was confirmed by PCR assay based on the ITS1 segment.
RESULTS: Eleven species were identified using morphological and PCR tools. The rest of the individuals were separated into five taxa. The species of the Obsoletus complex (grouping Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides scoticus Downes & Kettle) were the most abundant, accounting for 59% of the total number of captured Culicoides spp. Three of the identified species are mentioned, according to our knowledge, for the first time in Romania: Culicoides newsteadi Austen, Culicoides flavipulicaris Dzhafarov and Culicoides bysta Sarvašová, Kočisová, Candolfi & Mathieu.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the Culicoides species most commonly cited as being involved in the transmission of arboviruses in Europe (i.e. bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses) make up a high proportion of adult Culicoides trapped in Romania.

Background

In the last two decades the emergence and spread at European level of arthropod borne diseases such as bluetongue or Schmallenberg disease, highlighted the importance of Culicoides biting midges as vectors involved in the biological transmission cycle [1-4]. When bluetongue (BT) disease started to spread into mainland Europe at the beginning of the 2000s, an entomological surveillance network for Culicoides biting midges was set up in Romania in 2003, as part of an active and passive surveillance programme, aimed at early detection of bluetongue virus in the local population of domestic ruminants. As the disease generated significant economic losses [5], the main goal of the entomological surveillance programme was to establish the start and the end of the vector-free period. Indeed, the European regulations allow a country to reduce the restrictions on animal movements during the winter period of low activity of Culicoides spp.. The national status of being free of bluetongue disease changed for Romania in August 2014 when the first outbreaks were described in the Buzău county, caused by serotype 4 of BTV (BTV-4) [6-9]. This emergence was related to the massive BTV-4 epizootic which started in the Balkan Peninsula in May 2014. Following the declaration of the first outbreaks, the disease spread rapidly in most regions, with a total of 1885 outbreaks in 658 localities from 35 counties notified in only three months (September to November 2014). In compliance with European legislation, the whole national territory was declared in December 2014 as a restriction zone for BT, with an immediate impact on trade in live ruminants (mainly sheep exports in non-EU countries). In 2015, the clinical impact of BT evolution was significantly different from 2014, with only 30 outbreaks registered in four counties situated in the north-eastern part of the country. In the last few years (2016 to present) no outbreaks related to clinical signs were notified, but the country’s infection status remains as active serological surveillance targeted on sentinel ruminants still provides positive results. In the context of emergence of BT disease in Romania, the importance of entomological surveillance became even higher as the start and the end of the vector free period has an immediate impact on local animal trade. An entomological surveillance was then implemented with this main scope. The Culicoides spp. identification was targeted only at the subgenera known to be involved in BTV transmission (Avaritia Fox, Culicoides Latreille and Monoculicoides Khalaf). Consequently, scarce information on species diversity and relative abundance was available following the implementation of the programme.

The last comprehensive Culicoides spp. inventory of Romania was published in 2000 [10] reporting 46 species for the Romanian fauna. These species were grouped in eight subgenera: Trithecoides Wirth & Hubert (n = 1), Pontoculicoides Remm (n = 2), Avaritia Fox (n = 5), Culicoides Latreille (n = 8), Beltranmyia Vargas (n = 4), Monoculicoides Khalaf (n = 4), Sensiculicoides Schevchenko (n = 1) and Oecacta Poey (n = 21). Since this publication, only a few studies have dealt with the genus Culicoides, and reports concerned only few locations with identifications carried out mainly at the group level [11-14]. Collecting biting midges at a few locations of the Danube Delta, a recent publication [15] reported three additional species to the Romanian fauna, i.e. C. griseidorsum Kieffer, C. puncticollis (Becker) and C. submaritimus Dzhafarov, which is considered by some authors as synonym of C. maritimus Kieffer, leading to 49 species recorded in Romania.

In this study, we aimed to describe the diversity and relative abundance of Culicoides spp. in Romania, using morphological identification keys and molecular assays to examine surveillance samples.

Methods

We gathered entomological samples from the existing national Culicoides spp. surveillance network. Samples were collected from 2016 to 2017, in 102 locations distributed in 33 counties (out of a total of 42 administrative units) (Fig. 1). In 28 counties (out of 33) clinical outbreaks of BT were recorded during 2014–2015. Eight locations were commercial farms, of which 6 were cattle farms, 1 semen production unit and 1 mixed farm (cattle, sheep, pigs and horses). The rest of the locations (94) were non-commercial farms (backyards) in which cattle is constantly present, along with sheep and horses (less frequently). The capture locations were selected based on several eligibility criteria: the constant presence of vertebrate species targeted by Culicoides spp.; the avoidance of confined spaces; the possibility to install the traps at the height of 1.5–2 m from ground level; and the existence of a power supply. The collections were carried out with UV blacklight suction traps (OVI type), with one trap per site. Collections mostly started in April and ended in October/November to cover the entire Culicoides spp. activity period. Additional collections were made taking into account longer or shorter Culicoides activity period. The collections were, per county, mostly performed weekly in 2016 (9 counties) and bi-monthly in 2017 (32 counties). The collected insects were preserved in 70% ethanol. Insect identification was carried out using a stereomicroscope, according to the keys provided by Campbell & Pelham-Clinton [16], Delécolle [17], Goffredo and Meiswinkel [18] and Goffredo et al. [19]. Essentially the wing pattern characters were used for species identification; however other parameters, appreciable under the stereomicroscope with a high resolution, were used in addition when needed (i.e. setae on the first abdominal segment, or number and shape of the spermathecae). The Culicoides species without a defined wing pattern, including the so called “plain-wing species” [18, 19] were grouped as “other Culicoides species”. Due to the difficulties of morphological separation of species within the Obsoletus complex (which includes C. obsoletus (sensu stricto) (Meigen) and the morphologically close species, C. scoticus Downes & Kettle and C. montanus Shakirzjanova) the relative abundance of the component species was determined on a limited number of adults. A total of 210 specimens were randomly selected from 10 localities in 10 counties (21 specimens per locality) and individually identified using a multiplex PCR based on the ITS2 segment [19, 20].

Fig. 1

Map of Romania showing trap localities

The specimens identified morphologically as belonging to C. chiopterus (Meigen) were confirmed by a PCR test based on the ITS1 segment [21]. Spatial analysis and maps were generated using QGIS software (version 3.8.2; https://qgis.org).

Results

A total number of 60,006 Culicoides biting midges from 659 catches carried out from 2016 to 2017 were examined. At least 11 species (n = 51,200) and 5 taxa (n = 2468) belonging to the subgenera Avaritia, Culicoides, Monoculicoides, Sensiculicoides and Beltranmyia were identified. In addition, 5877 individuals were classified as “other Culicoides species”, and 461 individuals could not be identified (broken specimens, with faded wings etc.) (Table 1).

Table 1

Total number of Culicoides specimens identified in 33 counties in Romania

Subgenus	Species	No. of specimens (%)
Avaritia	C. obsoletus (Meigen)	35,600 (59.3)
	C. scoticus Downes & Kettle
	C. dewulfi Goetghebuer	143 (0.2)
	C. chiopterus (Meigen)	6 (0.01)
Culicoides	C. punctatus (Meigen)	10,080 (16.8)
	C. newsteadi Austen	3181 (5.3)
	C. pulicaris (Linnaeus)	854 (1.4)
	C. lupicaris Downes & Kettle	987 (1.6)
	C. pulicaris/C. lupicaris	324 (0.5)
	C. fagineus Edwards/C. impunctatus Goetghebuer	301 (0.5)
	C. bysta Sarvašová, Kočisová, Candolfi & Mathieu	131 (0.2)
	C. flavipulicaris Dzhafarov	2 (0.003)
Monoculicoides	C. nubeculosus (Meigen)/C. riethi Kieffer/C. puncticollis (Becker)	467 (0.8)
	C. stigma (Meigen)/C. parroti Kieffer	6 (0.01)
Sensiculicoides	Festivipennis taxaa	1370 (2.2)
Beltranmyia	C. circumscriptus Kieffer	216 (0.4)
	other Culicoides spp.	5877 (9.8)
	Culicoides spp.b	461 (0.8)

aFestivipennis taxa: species such as C. festivipennis Kieffer, C. cataneii Clastrier, C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov

bNot identified (i.e. specimens broken, with faded wings) and considered as Culicoides spp

The most abundant taxon was the Obsoletus complex, which represented 59.3% (n = 35,600) of the total collected midges. Within the subgenus Avaritia, C. dewulfi Goetghebuer and C. chiopterus were also identified (n = 143 and n = 6, respectively). All the midges identified as C. chiopterus were confirmed by PCR. The subgenus Culicoides was represented with 26.4% (n = 15,860) of the total midges. Within this taxon, 63.6% (n = 10,080) was represented by C. punctatus (Meigen), 20.1% (n = 3181) were C. newsteadi Austen, followed by C. lupicaris Downes & Kettle and C. pulicaris (Linnaeus) in similar percentages, 6.2% (n = 987) and 5.4% (n = 854), respectively. Other certain species belonging to this subgenus were identified as C. bysta Sarvašová, Kočisová, Candolfi & Mathieu (n = 131) and C. flavipulicaris Dzhafarov (n = 2). Within the subgenus Beltranmyia only one species was identified, namely C. circumscriptus Kieffer (n = 216).

Additionally, other specimens were identified as taxa, including C. fagineus Edwards/C. impunctatus Goetghebuer (n = 301) within the subgenus Culicoides, C. nubeculosus (Meigen)/C. riethi Kieffer/C. puncticollis (Becker) (n = 467) and C. stigma (Meigen)/C. parroti Kieffer (n = 6) within the subgenus Monoculicoides, and species of the Festivipennis taxa (n = 1370) within the subgenus Sensiculicoides.

Culicoides imicola was never found in this study

The occurrence of Culicoides spp. (Fig. 2) showed that the species of Obsoletus complex were found in most locations, followed closely by the two most abundant species of the subgenus Culicoides: C. punctatus and C. newsteadi. Analysis of unique trapping locations at the subgenus level revealed that subgenus Culicoides was present in more locations (n = 88) than subgenus Avaritia (n = 83).

Fig. 2

Spatial distribution of Culicoides species based on the number of trapping locations in which each species was recorded

The evaluation of the relative abundance of the species of the Obsoletus complex in 10 localities from 10 counties (one locality per county), showed that the most abundant species is C. obsoletus, with a percentage range of 14–100% (average of 80.95%). The abundance of C. scoticus ranged between 0–85% (average of 19.04%) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3

Relative abundance of C. obsoletus and C. scoticus in 10 counties

The seasonal abundance exhibited a peak during early summer (June) and was maintained at lower values during late summer and early-mid autumn. The Culicoides spp. activity period started in March and ended in December (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4

Seasonal abundance of the subgenera Avaritia and Culicoides in 2016–2017

Discussion

In Romania, information on the species composition and abundance of the genus Culicoides is limited. Georgescu [10] provided the most detailed inventory of species reported to date, mentioning the record of 46 species belonging to seven subgenera. Tomazatos et al. [15] demonstrated the presence for the first time in Romania of three previously described Culicoides species. In the context of the increasing incursions of BTV in the Mediterranean regions of Europe since the beginning of the 2000s, the decision to implement an entomological surveillance programme for Culicoides biting midge vectors was adopted in 2003. The goals were to evaluate the presence of subgenera known to be involved in the BTV transmission and in order to determine the start and the end of the vector-free period. Within this programme, the identification of the collected individuals was limited to the three most common subgenera (Avaritia, Culicoides and Monoculicoides). The data gathered within the entomological surveillance programme remained unpublished. In this study, we used the existing entomological surveillance infrastructure and, from 2016 to 2017, we evaluated the species composition and relative abundance of the Culicoides midges. The relative abundance of the cryptic species belonging to the Obsoletus complex was investigated, integrating the morphological identification with a molecular approach [19], and a picture of C. obsoletus and C. scoticus distributions across the country was defined (Fig. 3).

The results obtained, regarding the abundance of the Obsoletus complex, are in agreement with the findings of Sarvašová et al. [22] in Slovakia, Goffredo et al. [19] in central Italy and Larska et al. [23] in Poland, who conclude that the species dominating the catches from the Palaearctic area were the morphologically similar C. obsoletus and C. scoticus.

We recorded for the first time in Romania the species C. newsteadi, C. bysta and C. flavipulicaris (Fig. 5). Considering the publications of Georgescu [10] and Tomazatos et al. [15], we updated the Culicoides checklist from Romania to 51 species (Table 2).

Fig. 5

Geographical distribution of C. newsteadi, C. bysta and C. flavipulicaris in Romania (2016–2017)

Table 2

Checklist of the Culicoides species described to date in Romania

Culicoides spp.	Georgescu [10]	Tomazatos et al. [15]	Present study
Culicoides (Avaritia) abchazicus Dzhafarov	×
Culicoides (Avaritia) chiopterus (Meigen)	×		×
Culicoides (Avaritia) dewulfi Goetghebuer	×		×
Culicoides (Avaritia) obsoletus (Meigen)	×		×
Culicoides (Avaritia) scoticus Downes & Kettle	×		×
Culicoides (Beltranmyia) circumscriptus Kieffer	×		×
Culicoides (Beltranmyia) manchuriensis Tokunaga	×
Culicodes (Beltranmyia) salinarius Kieffer	×
Culicoides (Beltranmyia) sphagnumensis Williams	×
Culicoides (Culicoides) brunnicans Edwards	×
Culicoides (Culicoides) bysta Sarvašová, Kočisová, Candolfi & Mathieu			×
Culicoides (Culicoides) delta Edwards	×
Culicoides (Culicoides) fagineus Edwards	×		×
Culicoides (Culicoides) flavipulicaris Dzhafarov			×
Culicoides (Culicoides) furcillatus Callot, Kremer & Paradis	×
Culicoides (Culicoides) griseidorsum Kieffer		×
Culicoides (Culicoides) grisescens Edwards	×
Culicoides (Culicoides)impunctatus Goetghebuer	×		×
Culicoides (Culicoides) lupicaris Downes & Kettle	×		×
Culicoides (Culicoides) newsteadi Austen			×
Culicoides (Culicoides) parroti Kieffer	×		×
Culicoides (Culicoides) punctatus (Meigen)	×	×	×
Culicoides (Culicoides) pulicaris (Linnaeus)	×		×
Culicoides (Culicoides) simulator Edwards	×
Culicoides (Monoculicoides) nubeculosus (Meigen)	×		×
Culicoides (Monoculicoides) puncticollis (Becker)		×	×
Culicoides (Monoculicoides) riethi Kieffer	×	×	×
Culicoides (Monoculicoides) stigma (Meigen)	×		×
Culicoides (Oecacta) vexans (Staeger)	×
Culicoides (Pontoculicoides) saevus Kieffer	×
Culicoides (Pontoculicoides) tauricus Gutsevich	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) alazanicus Dzhafarov	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) comosioculatus Tokunaga	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) festivipennis Kieffer	×		×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) heliophilus Edwards	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) kibunensis Tokunaga	×	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) maritimus Kieffer		×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) pictipennis (Staeger)	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) poperinghensis Goetghebuer	×
Culicoides (Sensiculicoides) pseudopallidus Khalaf	×
Culicoides (Silvaticulicoides) achrayi Kettle & Lawson	×
Culicoides (Silvaticulicoides) duddingstoni Kettle & Lawson	×
Culicoides (Silvaticulicoides) fascipennis (Staeger)	×
Culicoides (Silvaticulicoides) pallidicornis Kieffer	×	×
Culicoides (Silvaticulicoides) picturatus Kremer & Deduit	×
Culicoides (Silvaticulicoides) subfasciipennis Kieffer	×	×
Culicoides (Trithecoides) humeralis Okada	×
Culicoides (Wirthomyia) cameroni Campbell & Pelham-Clinton	×
Culicoides (Wirthomyia) segnis Campbell & Pelham-Clinton	×
Culicoides pumilus (Winnertz)	×
Culicoides riouxi Callot & Kremer	×

The epidemiological role of at least 10 Culicoides species described in our study, C. obsoletus, C. scoticus, C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. punctatus, C. newsteadi, C. pulicaris, C. lupicaris, C. nubeculosus and C. circumscriptus, was previously demonstrated or assumed following research activities of numerous authors. Goffredo et al. [24] described the involvement of the species of the Obsoletus complex and C. newsteadi in the transmission of BTV-4. Furthermore, the same authors, as well as Foxi et al. [25], indicated species of Obsoletus complex as confirmed vectors and C. newsteadi, C. dewulfi, C. pulicaris and C. punctatus as probable vectors capable of transmitting the BTV-1. De Liberato et al. [26] managed to isolate BTV2 from the Obsoletus complex. In Germany, Clausen et al. [27] reported positive results on real time RT-PCR testing for BTV-8 on pools of C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris. BTV was detected by real time RT-PCR on pools of C. chiopterus captured in the Netherlands [28]. The competence for transmission of the SBV was suggested for the species of the Obsoletus complex [29-31], but also for C. chiopterus, C. dewulfi, C. pulicaris, C. newsteadi, C. lupicaris and C. nubeculosus [32, 33]. The involvement of Culicoides spp. in the transmission of the AHS virus was demonstrated for C. imicola [34, 35]. However, studies on Culicoides specimens caught during the AHS epizootic in Spain (1988) have shown that the virus can also be isolated from pools composed exclusively of C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris, C. odiatus and C. cataneii [36]. In relation to the above, this study shows that in Romania the most important vector species for BTV and SBV are commonly present and abundant.

The vector population composition and abundance was similar to those of other countries at the same latitude of Romania, where different BTV serotypes occurred in the last decade. Similarly to Romania, the subgenera Avaritia and Culicoides form the bulk of the species list in Balkans and western European countries. What differentiates the results of the entomological surveillance activities is the proportion of the two subgenera in different European regions. Pudar et al. [37] reported that the most frequent species in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia belong to the subgenus Culicoides (C. punctatus, 66% of sites; C. newsteadi, 57% of sites; and C. pulicaris, 30% of sites) followed by the subgenus Avaritia (C. obsoletus/C. scoticus, 30% of sites). In Hungary, following the implementation of the official entomological surveillance programme for BT, it was concluded that the subgenus Culicoides was the most abundant (63.5% of the captured midges) followed by the subgenera Monoculicoides (12.3%) and Avaritia (11.7%) [38].

The presence of C. dewulfi and C. chiopterus (larvae of these species are known to develop in animal dungs [39, 40]), indicates that favorable breeding sites could closely follow the presence of domestic and wild animal feeding hosts [41].

Determining species composition and assessing abundance of the main vector species is essential to produce accurate abundance and distribution maps, and then maps of transmission risk for Culicoides-borne diseases, that can be used to focus surveillance and control programmes.

Conclusions

Studies on the species composition and abundance of the genus Culicoides in Romania are necessary, especially in the context of BT evolution at a national level, since 2014. Our research confirmed the existence of known vector species involved in the transmission of important animal viruses, such as BTV and SBV but also provided an update of known Culicoides species in Romania. We consider that the species composition and abundance of insects of the genus Culicodes in Romania represent not only a permanent risk factor in relation to incursion and establishment at a national level of other BTV serotypes, but also a possible favoring factor for establishment, under certain conditions, of other exotic vector-borne diseases such as African horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease.