Glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-functionalized nanoparticles targeting arterial injury sites under physiological flow.

Thrombus formation at athero-thrombotic sites is initiated by the exposure of collagen followed by platelet adhesion mediated by the platelet-specific collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Here, dimeric GPVI was used as a targeting motif to functionalize polymeric nanoparticle-based drug carriers and to show that with proper design, such GPVI-coated nanoparticles (GPNs) can efficiently and specifically target arterial injury sites while withstanding physiological flow. In a microfluidic model, under physiological shear levels (1-40 dyne/cm2), 200 nm and 2 μm GPNs exhibited a >60 and >10-fold increase in binding to collagen compared to control particles, respectively. In vitro experiments in an arterial stenosis injury model, subjected to physiological pulsatile flow, showed shear-enhanced adhesion of 200 nm GPNs at the stenosis region which was confirmed in vivo in a mice ligation carotid injury model using intravital microscopy. Altogether, our results illustrate how engineering tools can be harnessed to design nano-carriers that efficiently target cardiovascular disease sites.