Heavy metals and probabilistic risk assessment via rice consumption in Thailand.

In this study, heavy metals including Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Cd in 55 Thai local rice (4 varieties) were measured using ICP-MS. Health risks were estimated from various Thai population groups, classified according to ages and genders. The potential impact on Thai population who consumed Thai local rice contained heavy metals was assessed by means of probabilistic approach. The hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogenic risks from heavy metal exposure was below the threshold limit of 1 for all rice varieties except Mn in Pka Am Pun rice and As in Pka Am Pun rice, Jek Chuey Sao Hai rice, and Leb Nok rice. Only the hazard index (HI) for consumption of Khaowong Kalasin sticky rice was below 1. The maximum cancer probabilities over the lifetime consumption of Thai local rice were in the range of 5 in 10,000 to 3 in 1000 chances in developing cancer.