Dynamic Q-angle is increased in patients with chronic patellofemoral instability and correlates positively with femoral torsion.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frontal gait patterns in patients with chronic patellofemoral instability compared to healthy controls. The hypothesis was that internal-rotation-adduction moment of the knee as altered dynamic Q-angle is evident in patients and correlates positively with increased femoral torsion.
METHODS: Thirty-five patients with symptomatic recurrent patellofemoral instability requiring surgical treatment were matched for average age, sex, and body mass index with 15 healthy controls (30 knees). Several clinical and radiographic measurements were taken from each participant: internal and external rotation (hipIR, hipER), Q-angle, tubercle sulcus angle (TS-angle), femoral antetorsion (femAT), tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and frontal leg axis. Additionally, three frontal gait patterns were defined and recorded: (1) internal-rotation-adduction moment of the knee during normal walking, (2) dynamic valgus of the knee, and (3) Trendelenburg's sign in a single-leg squat. Randomized videography was evaluated by three independent blinded observers. Statistical analysis was performed using regression models and comparisons of gait patterns and clinical and radiological measurements. Furthermore, observer reliability was correlated to gradings of radiological parameters.
RESULTS: Patients showed altered dynamic Q-angle gait pattern during normal walking (p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls (interrater kappa = 0.61), whereas highest observer agreement was reported if femAT was greater than 20° (kappa = 0.85). Logistic regression model revealed higher femAT (18.2° ± 12.5 versus 11.9° ± 7.0 (p = 0.004) as a significant variable, as well as lower TT-TG distance (23.6 mm ± 2.8 vs. 16.6 mm ± 4.9, p = 0.004) on evident dynamic Q-angle gait pattern. Dynamic valgus in a single-leg squat was observed significantly more often in patients (p < 0.001) compared to controls (interrater kappa = 0.7). However, besides the static measured Q-angle as the only significant variable on evident dynamic valgus pattern (13.6° ± 4.6 vs. 10.3° ± 5.2, p = 0.003), no radiological parameter was detected to correlate significantly with dynamic valgus and Trendelenburg's sign (n.s.).
CONCLUSIONS: Clinical detection of pathologic torsion and bony alignment may be difficult in patients with patellofemoral instability. The present study demonstrated that dynamic Q-angle gait pattern is significantly altered in patients with chronic patellofemoral instability compared to healthy controls. Moreover, dynamic Q-angle correlates positively with higher femoral torsion and negatively with higher TT-TG distance. Therefore, clinical and radiological assessment of maltorsion should be added to the standard diagnostic workup in cases of patellofemoral instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.