William R Young1, Toby J Ellmers2, Noel P Kinrade3, John Cossar4, Adam J Cocks5. 1. School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK; Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, UK. Electronic address: w.young@exeter.ac.uk. 2. College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, UK. 3. Department of Sport Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, UK. 4. College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK. 5. College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent decades have seen increased interest in how anxiety-and associated changes in conscious movement processing (CMP)-can influence the control of balance and gait, particularly in older adults. However, the most prevalent scale used to measure CMP during gait (the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS)) is generic (i.e., non-gait-specific) and potentially lacks sensitivity in this context. METHODS: In a preliminary study, we first sought to evaluate if MSRS scores associated with the number of CMP-related thoughts self-reported by older adults while walking. The next aim was to develop and validate a new questionnaire (the Gait-Specific Attentional Profile, G-SAP) capable of measuring gait-specific CMP, in addition to other attentional processes purported to influence gait. This scale was validated using responses from 117 (exploratory) and 107 (confirmatory factor analysis) older adults, resulting in an 11-item scale with four sub-scales: CMP, anxiety, fall-related ruminations, and processing inefficiencies. Finally, in a separate cohort of 53 older adults, we evaluated associations between scores from both the G-SAP CMP subscale and the MSRS, and gait outcomes measured using a GAITRite walkway in addition to participants' fall-history. RESULTS: MSRS scores were not associated with self-reported thoughts categorised as representing CMP. In regression analyses that controlled for functional balance, unlike the MSRS, the G-SAP subscale of CMP significantly predicted several gait characteristics including velocity (p = .033), step length (p = .032), and double-limb support (p = .015). SIGNIFICANCE: The G-SAP provides gait-specific measures of four psychological factors implicated in mediating the control of balance and gait. In particular, unlike the MSRS, the G-SAP subscale of CMP appears sensitive to relevant attentional processes known to influence gait performance. We suggest that the G-SAP offers an opportunity for the research community to further develop understanding of psychological factors impacting gait performance across a range of applied clinical contexts.
BACKGROUND: Recent decades have seen increased interest in how anxiety-and associated changes in conscious movement processing (CMP)-can influence the control of balance and gait, particularly in older adults. However, the most prevalent scale used to measure CMP during gait (the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS)) is generic (i.e., non-gait-specific) and potentially lacks sensitivity in this context. METHODS: In a preliminary study, we first sought to evaluate if MSRS scores associated with the number of CMP-related thoughts self-reported by older adults while walking. The next aim was to develop and validate a new questionnaire (the Gait-Specific Attentional Profile, G-SAP) capable of measuring gait-specific CMP, in addition to other attentional processes purported to influence gait. This scale was validated using responses from 117 (exploratory) and 107 (confirmatory factor analysis) older adults, resulting in an 11-item scale with four sub-scales: CMP, anxiety, fall-related ruminations, and processing inefficiencies. Finally, in a separate cohort of 53 older adults, we evaluated associations between scores from both the G-SAP CMP subscale and the MSRS, and gait outcomes measured using a GAITRite walkway in addition to participants' fall-history. RESULTS: MSRS scores were not associated with self-reported thoughts categorised as representing CMP. In regression analyses that controlled for functional balance, unlike the MSRS, the G-SAP subscale of CMP significantly predicted several gait characteristics including velocity (p = .033), step length (p = .032), and double-limb support (p = .015). SIGNIFICANCE: The G-SAP provides gait-specific measures of four psychological factors implicated in mediating the control of balance and gait. In particular, unlike the MSRS, the G-SAP subscale of CMP appears sensitive to relevant attentional processes known to influence gait performance. We suggest that the G-SAP offers an opportunity for the research community to further develop understanding of psychological factors impacting gait performance across a range of applied clinical contexts.
Authors: Johnny V V Parr; Richard J Foster; Greg Wood; Neil M Thomas; Mark A Hollands Journal: Front Hum Neurosci Date: 2020-11-27 Impact factor: 3.169
Authors: Lisa Musculus; Noel Kinrade; Sylvain Laborde; Melina Gleißert; Miriam Streich; Babett Helen Lobinger Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-05-12 Impact factor: 3.390